Contribution of direct-drinking water to calcium and magnesium and the influence on the height in school-age children
ObjectiveTo estimate the contribution of direct-drinking water provided in school to dietary intake (DI) and recommended nutrient intake (RNI) of calcium and magnesium, and to explore its influence on the height in school-age children.MethodsTap water and direct-drinking water samples were collected...
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2024-10-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Nutrition |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2024.1434952/full |
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| author | Hongru Gu Yijing Gong Zhao Li Yanqiu Zhang Jin Wu Yi Wang Min Ni Jun Zhang Hai Jiang |
| author_facet | Hongru Gu Yijing Gong Zhao Li Yanqiu Zhang Jin Wu Yi Wang Min Ni Jun Zhang Hai Jiang |
| author_sort | Hongru Gu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | ObjectiveTo estimate the contribution of direct-drinking water provided in school to dietary intake (DI) and recommended nutrient intake (RNI) of calcium and magnesium, and to explore its influence on the height in school-age children.MethodsTap water and direct-drinking water samples were collected from schools in Taicang City to test the contents of calcium and magnesium, and compared by one-way ANOVA and post-hoc test. Contribution rates of direct-drinking water to DI and RNI were calculated by using the contents of calcium and magnesium and data from the Nutrition and Health Status Survey 2021. A retrospective cohort was conducted among 4,850 first-grade children consuming direct-drinking water in Taicang City from 24 primary schools in 2019. Group 1 (1,070 boys and 946 girls) consumed UF-process water with normal calcium and magnesium contents and Group 2 (1,548 boys and 1,286 girls) consumed NF/RO-process water with very low calcium and magnesium contents. During 2019–2023, the height and height growth were analyzed with the Student’s t-test.ResultsThe highest calcium content was examined in tap water samples, followed by direct-drinking water samples supplied through a UF, NF, and RO system (F = 1,227.725, p < 0.001). The highest magnesium content was examined in water supplied through a UF system, followed by that through a tap, NF and RO system (F = 146.504, p < 0.001). Calcium and magnesium contents in direct-drinking water supplied through a UF system changed little compared with those in tap water, which were significantly reduced in direct-drinking water supplied through a NF and RO system. The contribution rates of direct-drinking water to DI of calcium and magnesium were 8.95 and 2.78%, respectively, and those to RNI of calcium and magnesium were 2.63 and 1.96%, respectively. There were no significant differences in the height and height growth of first-grade children drinking water supplied through the UF system vs. NF/RO system (p > 0.05).ConclusionDirect-drinking water processed through a NF or RO system should be cautiously adopted in primary and secondary schools. A UF system is preferred in schools where no health concerns are associated with water quality. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-7b7f0d64cce54b1ea9b5d4bb2980f970 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2296-861X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-10-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
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| series | Frontiers in Nutrition |
| spelling | doaj-art-7b7f0d64cce54b1ea9b5d4bb2980f9702025-08-20T01:47:37ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Nutrition2296-861X2024-10-011110.3389/fnut.2024.14349521434952Contribution of direct-drinking water to calcium and magnesium and the influence on the height in school-age childrenHongru GuYijing GongZhao LiYanqiu ZhangJin WuYi WangMin NiJun ZhangHai JiangObjectiveTo estimate the contribution of direct-drinking water provided in school to dietary intake (DI) and recommended nutrient intake (RNI) of calcium and magnesium, and to explore its influence on the height in school-age children.MethodsTap water and direct-drinking water samples were collected from schools in Taicang City to test the contents of calcium and magnesium, and compared by one-way ANOVA and post-hoc test. Contribution rates of direct-drinking water to DI and RNI were calculated by using the contents of calcium and magnesium and data from the Nutrition and Health Status Survey 2021. A retrospective cohort was conducted among 4,850 first-grade children consuming direct-drinking water in Taicang City from 24 primary schools in 2019. Group 1 (1,070 boys and 946 girls) consumed UF-process water with normal calcium and magnesium contents and Group 2 (1,548 boys and 1,286 girls) consumed NF/RO-process water with very low calcium and magnesium contents. During 2019–2023, the height and height growth were analyzed with the Student’s t-test.ResultsThe highest calcium content was examined in tap water samples, followed by direct-drinking water samples supplied through a UF, NF, and RO system (F = 1,227.725, p < 0.001). The highest magnesium content was examined in water supplied through a UF system, followed by that through a tap, NF and RO system (F = 146.504, p < 0.001). Calcium and magnesium contents in direct-drinking water supplied through a UF system changed little compared with those in tap water, which were significantly reduced in direct-drinking water supplied through a NF and RO system. The contribution rates of direct-drinking water to DI of calcium and magnesium were 8.95 and 2.78%, respectively, and those to RNI of calcium and magnesium were 2.63 and 1.96%, respectively. There were no significant differences in the height and height growth of first-grade children drinking water supplied through the UF system vs. NF/RO system (p > 0.05).ConclusionDirect-drinking water processed through a NF or RO system should be cautiously adopted in primary and secondary schools. A UF system is preferred in schools where no health concerns are associated with water quality.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2024.1434952/fulldirect-drinking water in schoolchildrencalciummagnesiumcontribution rateheight |
| spellingShingle | Hongru Gu Yijing Gong Zhao Li Yanqiu Zhang Jin Wu Yi Wang Min Ni Jun Zhang Hai Jiang Contribution of direct-drinking water to calcium and magnesium and the influence on the height in school-age children Frontiers in Nutrition direct-drinking water in school children calcium magnesium contribution rate height |
| title | Contribution of direct-drinking water to calcium and magnesium and the influence on the height in school-age children |
| title_full | Contribution of direct-drinking water to calcium and magnesium and the influence on the height in school-age children |
| title_fullStr | Contribution of direct-drinking water to calcium and magnesium and the influence on the height in school-age children |
| title_full_unstemmed | Contribution of direct-drinking water to calcium and magnesium and the influence on the height in school-age children |
| title_short | Contribution of direct-drinking water to calcium and magnesium and the influence on the height in school-age children |
| title_sort | contribution of direct drinking water to calcium and magnesium and the influence on the height in school age children |
| topic | direct-drinking water in school children calcium magnesium contribution rate height |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2024.1434952/full |
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