Infection Dynamics of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 Wild-type and Delta Variant of Concern in a Pediatric Cohort in Southern India
Background: Dynamics, severity, and immune response of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection vary between children and adults. There are only a few reports on the differential impact of variants in children, and none reported from low-and-middle-income countries. Mat...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications
2025-01-01
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| Series: | Current Medical Issues |
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| Online Access: | https://journals.lww.com/10.4103/cmi.cmi_88_24 |
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| author | Asha Jyothi Penugonda Deepayan Biswas Murugan Thimiri Palani Sangeetha Priya Rajesh Kumar Subaschandrabose Koshy Alan Valiaveetil Belavendra Antonisamy Rajeev Zachariah Kompithra Leni Grace Mathew Mahesh Moorthy |
| author_facet | Asha Jyothi Penugonda Deepayan Biswas Murugan Thimiri Palani Sangeetha Priya Rajesh Kumar Subaschandrabose Koshy Alan Valiaveetil Belavendra Antonisamy Rajeev Zachariah Kompithra Leni Grace Mathew Mahesh Moorthy |
| author_sort | Asha Jyothi Penugonda |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background:
Dynamics, severity, and immune response of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection vary between children and adults. There are only a few reports on the differential impact of variants in children, and none reported from low-and-middle-income countries.
Materials and Methods:
Between November 2020 and August 2021, we enrolled children under 16 years testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). We compared virus characteristics (viral load, virus variant - Wild-type or Delta), disease severity (asymptomatic, mild-to-moderate, and severe), and immunity levels to the virus (anti-N and anti-S) after 4–6 weeks.
Results:
Of 79 children recruited, 29%, 59%, and 11% had asymptomatic, mild-to moderate, or severe presentations, respectively. Wild-type and delta variants presented with similar disease severity. For both variants, anti-S antibody levels were higher than anti-N antibody levels (P < 0.0001). Anti-S was also higher than anti-N among asymptomatic (P = 0.02) and mild-to-moderate disease (P < 0.0001). Children with higher virus loads had higher levels of both anti-S and anti-N antibodies (quartile [QS]1 versus QS3, P < 0.05). Among low (QS3) virus loads, wild-type anti-S levels were higher than delta infected (P = 0.003). In mild-to-moderate disease, the mean Ct value of wild type (32.5) was higher than that of delta infection (25.0) (P = 0.0083).
Conclusions:
In children, the antibody response is driven by viral load. In mild-to-moderate disease, higher loads of Delta variant of concern resulted in robust antibody response that was absent in severe disease. These results could inform potential responses to future SARS-CoV-2 variants and may guide decisions on targeted vaccination in children. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-7b7ac2f5d81e4b6286769c9ebbe7452d |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 0973-4651 2666-4054 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Current Medical Issues |
| spelling | doaj-art-7b7ac2f5d81e4b6286769c9ebbe7452d2025-02-10T14:48:39ZengWolters Kluwer Medknow PublicationsCurrent Medical Issues0973-46512666-40542025-01-012311710.4103/cmi.cmi_88_24Infection Dynamics of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 Wild-type and Delta Variant of Concern in a Pediatric Cohort in Southern IndiaAsha Jyothi PenugondaDeepayan BiswasMurugan Thimiri PalaniSangeetha PriyaRajesh Kumar SubaschandraboseKoshy Alan ValiaveetilBelavendra AntonisamyRajeev Zachariah KompithraLeni Grace MathewMahesh MoorthyBackground: Dynamics, severity, and immune response of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection vary between children and adults. There are only a few reports on the differential impact of variants in children, and none reported from low-and-middle-income countries. Materials and Methods: Between November 2020 and August 2021, we enrolled children under 16 years testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). We compared virus characteristics (viral load, virus variant - Wild-type or Delta), disease severity (asymptomatic, mild-to-moderate, and severe), and immunity levels to the virus (anti-N and anti-S) after 4–6 weeks. Results: Of 79 children recruited, 29%, 59%, and 11% had asymptomatic, mild-to moderate, or severe presentations, respectively. Wild-type and delta variants presented with similar disease severity. For both variants, anti-S antibody levels were higher than anti-N antibody levels (P < 0.0001). Anti-S was also higher than anti-N among asymptomatic (P = 0.02) and mild-to-moderate disease (P < 0.0001). Children with higher virus loads had higher levels of both anti-S and anti-N antibodies (quartile [QS]1 versus QS3, P < 0.05). Among low (QS3) virus loads, wild-type anti-S levels were higher than delta infected (P = 0.003). In mild-to-moderate disease, the mean Ct value of wild type (32.5) was higher than that of delta infection (25.0) (P = 0.0083). Conclusions: In children, the antibody response is driven by viral load. In mild-to-moderate disease, higher loads of Delta variant of concern resulted in robust antibody response that was absent in severe disease. These results could inform potential responses to future SARS-CoV-2 variants and may guide decisions on targeted vaccination in children.https://journals.lww.com/10.4103/cmi.cmi_88_24ct valuedeltahumoral immunitysevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 |
| spellingShingle | Asha Jyothi Penugonda Deepayan Biswas Murugan Thimiri Palani Sangeetha Priya Rajesh Kumar Subaschandrabose Koshy Alan Valiaveetil Belavendra Antonisamy Rajeev Zachariah Kompithra Leni Grace Mathew Mahesh Moorthy Infection Dynamics of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 Wild-type and Delta Variant of Concern in a Pediatric Cohort in Southern India Current Medical Issues ct value delta humoral immunity severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 |
| title | Infection Dynamics of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 Wild-type and Delta Variant of Concern in a Pediatric Cohort in Southern India |
| title_full | Infection Dynamics of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 Wild-type and Delta Variant of Concern in a Pediatric Cohort in Southern India |
| title_fullStr | Infection Dynamics of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 Wild-type and Delta Variant of Concern in a Pediatric Cohort in Southern India |
| title_full_unstemmed | Infection Dynamics of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 Wild-type and Delta Variant of Concern in a Pediatric Cohort in Southern India |
| title_short | Infection Dynamics of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 Wild-type and Delta Variant of Concern in a Pediatric Cohort in Southern India |
| title_sort | infection dynamics of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 wild type and delta variant of concern in a pediatric cohort in southern india |
| topic | ct value delta humoral immunity severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 |
| url | https://journals.lww.com/10.4103/cmi.cmi_88_24 |
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