Performance-Based Damage Quantification and Hazard Intensity Measures for Vertical Forest Systems on RC Buildings
The European building stock is aging and needs renovation. Holistic renovation approaches, including Vertical Forest (VF) systems, are emerging as sustainable alternatives to demolition and reconstruction. This paper reviews and defines missing reliable damage and hazard intensity measures for the h...
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MDPI AG
2025-02-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/5/769 |
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| author | Vachan Vanian Theodoros Rousakis Theodora Fanaradelli Maristella Voutetaki Makrini Macha Adamantis Zapris Ifigeneia Theodoridou Maria Stefanidou Katerina Vatitsi Giorgos Mallinis Violetta Kytinou Constantin Chalioris |
| author_facet | Vachan Vanian Theodoros Rousakis Theodora Fanaradelli Maristella Voutetaki Makrini Macha Adamantis Zapris Ifigeneia Theodoridou Maria Stefanidou Katerina Vatitsi Giorgos Mallinis Violetta Kytinou Constantin Chalioris |
| author_sort | Vachan Vanian |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The European building stock is aging and needs renovation. Holistic renovation approaches, including Vertical Forest (VF) systems, are emerging as sustainable alternatives to demolition and reconstruction. This paper reviews and defines missing reliable damage and hazard intensity measures for the holistic renovation of existing reinforced concrete (RC) buildings with VF systems. Based on an extensive literature review and preliminary studies, including empirical multiparametric system evaluation assessments, Monte Carlo simulations, and System-Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA), combined structural, non-structural, vegetation, and human comfort components are examined. Key damage indicators are identified, including interstory drift ratio, residual deformation, concrete and reinforcement strains/stresses, and energy dissipation, and their applicability to VF-integrated structures are evaluated. Green modifications are found to have higher risk profiles than traditional RC buildings (mean scores from Monte Carlo method: 9.72/15–11.41/15 vs. 9.47/15), with moisture management and structural integrity as critical concerns. The paper advances the understanding of hazard intensity measures for seismic, wind, and rainfall impacts. The importance of AI-driven vegetation monitoring systems with 80–99% detection accuracy is highlighted. It is concluded that successful VF renovation requires specialized design codes, integrated monitoring systems, standardized maintenance protocols, and enhanced control systems to ensure structural stability, environmental efficiency, and occupant safety. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-7b3bb8843c78491c8b09be07eec4aad0 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2075-5309 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Buildings |
| spelling | doaj-art-7b3bb8843c78491c8b09be07eec4aad02025-08-20T02:53:22ZengMDPI AGBuildings2075-53092025-02-0115576910.3390/buildings15050769Performance-Based Damage Quantification and Hazard Intensity Measures for Vertical Forest Systems on RC BuildingsVachan Vanian0Theodoros Rousakis1Theodora Fanaradelli2Maristella Voutetaki3Makrini Macha4Adamantis Zapris5Ifigeneia Theodoridou6Maria Stefanidou7Katerina Vatitsi8Giorgos Mallinis9Violetta Kytinou10Constantin Chalioris11Department of Civil Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, 67100 Xanthi, GreeceDepartment of Civil Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, 67100 Xanthi, GreeceDepartment of Civil Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, 67100 Xanthi, GreeceArchitectural Engineering Department, School of Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, 67100 Xanthi, GreeceInstitute of Structural Engineering, BOKU University, 1180 Vienna, AustriaDepartment of Civil Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, 67100 Xanthi, GreeceDepartment of Rural and Surveying Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, GreeceDepartment of Rural and Surveying Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, GreeceDepartment of Rural and Surveying Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, GreeceDepartment of Rural and Surveying Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, GreeceDepartment of Civil Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, 67100 Xanthi, GreeceDepartment of Civil Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, 67100 Xanthi, GreeceThe European building stock is aging and needs renovation. Holistic renovation approaches, including Vertical Forest (VF) systems, are emerging as sustainable alternatives to demolition and reconstruction. This paper reviews and defines missing reliable damage and hazard intensity measures for the holistic renovation of existing reinforced concrete (RC) buildings with VF systems. Based on an extensive literature review and preliminary studies, including empirical multiparametric system evaluation assessments, Monte Carlo simulations, and System-Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA), combined structural, non-structural, vegetation, and human comfort components are examined. Key damage indicators are identified, including interstory drift ratio, residual deformation, concrete and reinforcement strains/stresses, and energy dissipation, and their applicability to VF-integrated structures are evaluated. Green modifications are found to have higher risk profiles than traditional RC buildings (mean scores from Monte Carlo method: 9.72/15–11.41/15 vs. 9.47/15), with moisture management and structural integrity as critical concerns. The paper advances the understanding of hazard intensity measures for seismic, wind, and rainfall impacts. The importance of AI-driven vegetation monitoring systems with 80–99% detection accuracy is highlighted. It is concluded that successful VF renovation requires specialized design codes, integrated monitoring systems, standardized maintenance protocols, and enhanced control systems to ensure structural stability, environmental efficiency, and occupant safety.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/5/769vertical forest (VF)reinforced concrete (RC)damage measures (DM)intensity measures (IM)holistic renovation (HR)Monte Carlo |
| spellingShingle | Vachan Vanian Theodoros Rousakis Theodora Fanaradelli Maristella Voutetaki Makrini Macha Adamantis Zapris Ifigeneia Theodoridou Maria Stefanidou Katerina Vatitsi Giorgos Mallinis Violetta Kytinou Constantin Chalioris Performance-Based Damage Quantification and Hazard Intensity Measures for Vertical Forest Systems on RC Buildings Buildings vertical forest (VF) reinforced concrete (RC) damage measures (DM) intensity measures (IM) holistic renovation (HR) Monte Carlo |
| title | Performance-Based Damage Quantification and Hazard Intensity Measures for Vertical Forest Systems on RC Buildings |
| title_full | Performance-Based Damage Quantification and Hazard Intensity Measures for Vertical Forest Systems on RC Buildings |
| title_fullStr | Performance-Based Damage Quantification and Hazard Intensity Measures for Vertical Forest Systems on RC Buildings |
| title_full_unstemmed | Performance-Based Damage Quantification and Hazard Intensity Measures for Vertical Forest Systems on RC Buildings |
| title_short | Performance-Based Damage Quantification and Hazard Intensity Measures for Vertical Forest Systems on RC Buildings |
| title_sort | performance based damage quantification and hazard intensity measures for vertical forest systems on rc buildings |
| topic | vertical forest (VF) reinforced concrete (RC) damage measures (DM) intensity measures (IM) holistic renovation (HR) Monte Carlo |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/5/769 |
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