Associations between protein intake status and the association of “double burden of malnutrition” in children aged 2–5 years: a health and nutrition survey of selected children in Bengbu City, China

BackgroundProtein intake is widely recognized as a reliable marker for assessing malnutrition. The double burden of malnutrition (DBM) is characterized by the coexistence of malnutrition and overweight, obesity, or diet-related noncommunicable diseases in individuals, families, and populations throu...

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Main Authors: Tongying Zhu, Li Zhang, Rongrong Li, Xiaoqing Li, Hao Zhu, Li Shu
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Frontiers Media S.A. 2025-07-01
Series:Frontiers in Nutrition
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Online Access:https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2025.1564733/full
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author Tongying Zhu
Li Zhang
Rongrong Li
Xiaoqing Li
Hao Zhu
Li Shu
author_facet Tongying Zhu
Li Zhang
Rongrong Li
Xiaoqing Li
Hao Zhu
Li Shu
author_sort Tongying Zhu
collection DOAJ
description BackgroundProtein intake is widely recognized as a reliable marker for assessing malnutrition. The double burden of malnutrition (DBM) is characterized by the coexistence of malnutrition and overweight, obesity, or diet-related noncommunicable diseases in individuals, families, and populations throughout the life course.MethodsChildren were categorized into quartiles based on the protein index. World Health Organization (WHO) Anthro software was used to assess child growth and development, enabling the prediction of DBM prevalence. Nutrient intake, the effect on DBM were assessed using both a multifactorial logistic regression model and a binary logistic regression correction model.ResultsThe prevalence of DBM increased with higher protein index quartiles. In the regression model, the risk of DBM was significantly higher in the second (Q2) and fourth (Q4) quartiles for both boys (Q2: 1.934, 95% CI: 1.210–3.091; Q4: 1.653, 95% CI: 1.016–2.687) as well as in the girls (Q2: 1.963, 95% CI: 1.263–3.052; Q4: 1.366, 95% CI: 0.857–2.178). In the multivariate models, the association between the protein index and DBM risk persisted as significant even after adjusting for confounding factors.ConclusionThis study revealed a strong correlation between the protein index and DBM prevalence in preschool children aged 2–5 years.
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publishDate 2025-07-01
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spelling doaj-art-7afde4fd2da7403e8fdf8e44ffc0d9af2025-08-20T03:29:18ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Nutrition2296-861X2025-07-011210.3389/fnut.2025.15647331564733Associations between protein intake status and the association of “double burden of malnutrition” in children aged 2–5 years: a health and nutrition survey of selected children in Bengbu City, ChinaTongying ZhuLi ZhangRongrong LiXiaoqing LiHao ZhuLi ShuBackgroundProtein intake is widely recognized as a reliable marker for assessing malnutrition. The double burden of malnutrition (DBM) is characterized by the coexistence of malnutrition and overweight, obesity, or diet-related noncommunicable diseases in individuals, families, and populations throughout the life course.MethodsChildren were categorized into quartiles based on the protein index. World Health Organization (WHO) Anthro software was used to assess child growth and development, enabling the prediction of DBM prevalence. Nutrient intake, the effect on DBM were assessed using both a multifactorial logistic regression model and a binary logistic regression correction model.ResultsThe prevalence of DBM increased with higher protein index quartiles. In the regression model, the risk of DBM was significantly higher in the second (Q2) and fourth (Q4) quartiles for both boys (Q2: 1.934, 95% CI: 1.210–3.091; Q4: 1.653, 95% CI: 1.016–2.687) as well as in the girls (Q2: 1.963, 95% CI: 1.263–3.052; Q4: 1.366, 95% CI: 0.857–2.178). In the multivariate models, the association between the protein index and DBM risk persisted as significant even after adjusting for confounding factors.ConclusionThis study revealed a strong correlation between the protein index and DBM prevalence in preschool children aged 2–5 years.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2025.1564733/fulldouble burden of malnutritionobesity/overweightwastingstuntingpreschool children
spellingShingle Tongying Zhu
Li Zhang
Rongrong Li
Xiaoqing Li
Hao Zhu
Li Shu
Associations between protein intake status and the association of “double burden of malnutrition” in children aged 2–5 years: a health and nutrition survey of selected children in Bengbu City, China
Frontiers in Nutrition
double burden of malnutrition
obesity/overweight
wasting
stunting
preschool children
title Associations between protein intake status and the association of “double burden of malnutrition” in children aged 2–5 years: a health and nutrition survey of selected children in Bengbu City, China
title_full Associations between protein intake status and the association of “double burden of malnutrition” in children aged 2–5 years: a health and nutrition survey of selected children in Bengbu City, China
title_fullStr Associations between protein intake status and the association of “double burden of malnutrition” in children aged 2–5 years: a health and nutrition survey of selected children in Bengbu City, China
title_full_unstemmed Associations between protein intake status and the association of “double burden of malnutrition” in children aged 2–5 years: a health and nutrition survey of selected children in Bengbu City, China
title_short Associations between protein intake status and the association of “double burden of malnutrition” in children aged 2–5 years: a health and nutrition survey of selected children in Bengbu City, China
title_sort associations between protein intake status and the association of double burden of malnutrition in children aged 2 5 years a health and nutrition survey of selected children in bengbu city china
topic double burden of malnutrition
obesity/overweight
wasting
stunting
preschool children
url https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2025.1564733/full
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