A Practical and Effective Artemia Hatching Method to Eliminate Covert Mortality Nodavirus (CMNV)
The covert mortality nodavirus (CMNV), an emerging pathogen that infects several species severely in aquaculture, including marine shrimps, freshwater prawns, and crabs, has been detected in both wild <i>Artemia</i> and commercial <i>Artemia</i> cysts. Utilization of <i>...
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2025-02-01
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| author | Zhangwang Lu Jun Wang Donghuo Jiang Yan Wang Hui G. Jiang |
| author_facet | Zhangwang Lu Jun Wang Donghuo Jiang Yan Wang Hui G. Jiang |
| author_sort | Zhangwang Lu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The covert mortality nodavirus (CMNV), an emerging pathogen that infects several species severely in aquaculture, including marine shrimps, freshwater prawns, and crabs, has been detected in both wild <i>Artemia</i> and commercial <i>Artemia</i> cysts. Utilization of <i>Artemia</i> from unknown sources can impose considerable biosecurity risks in hatchery operations; therefore, effective hatching methods to eliminate the pathogenic potential from CMNV-positive (CMNV+) <i>Artemia</i> cysts are urgently needed. In this work, we assessed the efficacy of three treatment methods of disinfecting CMNV+ <i>Artemia</i> cysts during hatching: (1) decapsulation of <i>Artemia</i> cysts with Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> (sodium carbonate) and NaClO (sodium hypochlorite) at various durations before hatching; (2) application of different concentrations of formalin in hatching water; (3) combinations of decapsulating <i>Artemia</i> cysts and formalin-treated hatching water. Hatching CMNV+ <i>Artemia</i> with disinfected seawater only served as the control. The virus located on the cyst shells attached/infected <i>Artemia</i> larvae during hatching and remained active for a prolonged time of 7 days. The viral load of empty shells decreased with the decapsulation treatment time. After a 45 min treatment of decapsulation, CMNV on shells, as well as larvae, were eliminated successfully. Furthermore, decapsulation shortened the hatching time of the cysts from 19 h to 12 h. Ten ppm formalin in the hatching water could block the transmission of CMNV from the shells to the newly hatched larvae, although at this level it was insufficient to eliminate the virus from the shells completely. While use of 30 ppm formalin or higher dosage could eliminate CMNV, however, it also reduced the hatching rates of the <i>Artemia</i> cysts. A combination of decapsulation (treated with Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>-NaClO for 15 min) and 10 ppm formalin in hatching water effectively eliminated the CMNV. This study developed a practical, effective, and reliable treatment method for hatching <i>Artemia</i> to ensure biosecurity in aquaculture hatcheries. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-7af8abab2e374b8ea42a53247908b3fd |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2673-9496 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-02-01 |
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| series | Aquaculture Journal |
| spelling | doaj-art-7af8abab2e374b8ea42a53247908b3fd2025-08-20T02:11:00ZengMDPI AGAquaculture Journal2673-94962025-02-0151510.3390/aquacj5010005A Practical and Effective Artemia Hatching Method to Eliminate Covert Mortality Nodavirus (CMNV)Zhangwang Lu0Jun Wang1Donghuo Jiang2Yan Wang3Hui G. Jiang4School of Marine Biology and Fisheries, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, ChinaSchool of Marine Biology and Fisheries, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, ChinaCoreSeed Aquaculture (Guam) Corporation, Mangilao, GU 96913, USASchool of Marine Biology and Fisheries, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, ChinaCollege of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Guam, Mangilao, GU 96923, USAThe covert mortality nodavirus (CMNV), an emerging pathogen that infects several species severely in aquaculture, including marine shrimps, freshwater prawns, and crabs, has been detected in both wild <i>Artemia</i> and commercial <i>Artemia</i> cysts. Utilization of <i>Artemia</i> from unknown sources can impose considerable biosecurity risks in hatchery operations; therefore, effective hatching methods to eliminate the pathogenic potential from CMNV-positive (CMNV+) <i>Artemia</i> cysts are urgently needed. In this work, we assessed the efficacy of three treatment methods of disinfecting CMNV+ <i>Artemia</i> cysts during hatching: (1) decapsulation of <i>Artemia</i> cysts with Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> (sodium carbonate) and NaClO (sodium hypochlorite) at various durations before hatching; (2) application of different concentrations of formalin in hatching water; (3) combinations of decapsulating <i>Artemia</i> cysts and formalin-treated hatching water. Hatching CMNV+ <i>Artemia</i> with disinfected seawater only served as the control. The virus located on the cyst shells attached/infected <i>Artemia</i> larvae during hatching and remained active for a prolonged time of 7 days. The viral load of empty shells decreased with the decapsulation treatment time. After a 45 min treatment of decapsulation, CMNV on shells, as well as larvae, were eliminated successfully. Furthermore, decapsulation shortened the hatching time of the cysts from 19 h to 12 h. Ten ppm formalin in the hatching water could block the transmission of CMNV from the shells to the newly hatched larvae, although at this level it was insufficient to eliminate the virus from the shells completely. While use of 30 ppm formalin or higher dosage could eliminate CMNV, however, it also reduced the hatching rates of the <i>Artemia</i> cysts. A combination of decapsulation (treated with Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>-NaClO for 15 min) and 10 ppm formalin in hatching water effectively eliminated the CMNV. This study developed a practical, effective, and reliable treatment method for hatching <i>Artemia</i> to ensure biosecurity in aquaculture hatcheries.https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9496/5/1/5shrimp virusinitial feedantisepticdecapsulationbiosecurity |
| spellingShingle | Zhangwang Lu Jun Wang Donghuo Jiang Yan Wang Hui G. Jiang A Practical and Effective Artemia Hatching Method to Eliminate Covert Mortality Nodavirus (CMNV) Aquaculture Journal shrimp virus initial feed antiseptic decapsulation biosecurity |
| title | A Practical and Effective Artemia Hatching Method to Eliminate Covert Mortality Nodavirus (CMNV) |
| title_full | A Practical and Effective Artemia Hatching Method to Eliminate Covert Mortality Nodavirus (CMNV) |
| title_fullStr | A Practical and Effective Artemia Hatching Method to Eliminate Covert Mortality Nodavirus (CMNV) |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Practical and Effective Artemia Hatching Method to Eliminate Covert Mortality Nodavirus (CMNV) |
| title_short | A Practical and Effective Artemia Hatching Method to Eliminate Covert Mortality Nodavirus (CMNV) |
| title_sort | practical and effective artemia hatching method to eliminate covert mortality nodavirus cmnv |
| topic | shrimp virus initial feed antiseptic decapsulation biosecurity |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9496/5/1/5 |
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