Effectiveness and Feasibility of Blood Flow Restriction Training for People with Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review
Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated inflammatory disease that primarily targets the myelin of axons. Extremities are frequently affected, resulting in a negative impact on both activities of daily living (ADL) and quality of life. In recent years, there has been increasing inte...
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2024-11-01
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| author | Aitor Blázquez-Fernández Selena Marcos-Antón Roberto Cano-de-la-Cuerda |
| author_facet | Aitor Blázquez-Fernández Selena Marcos-Antón Roberto Cano-de-la-Cuerda |
| author_sort | Aitor Blázquez-Fernández |
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| description | Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated inflammatory disease that primarily targets the myelin of axons. Extremities are frequently affected, resulting in a negative impact on both activities of daily living (ADL) and quality of life. In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the potential benefits of exercise and blood flow restriction training (BFRT) programs as a therapeutic tool in people with neurological disorders. The aim of the present systematic review was to know the clinical effects of BFRT programs in people with MS. Methods: A systematically comprehensive literature search was conducted and registered in PROSPERO prior to its execution under the reference number CRD42024588963. The following data sources were used: Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science (WOS) and the Cochrane Library. The following data were extracted from the papers: study design, sample, interventions, dosage, outcome measures and results. To assess the methodological quality of the papers included, the Quality Index of Downs and Black was used. Additionally, the articles were classified according to the levels of evidence and grades of recommendation for diagnosis studies established by the Oxford Center for Evidence-Based Medicine. Also, the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions was used by two independent reviewers to assess risk of bias, assessing the six different domains. Results: Seven articles with a total of 71 participants were included in the review. Of the seven articles, five papers studied the effectiveness of BFRT combined with strengthening exercises and two papers studied the effect of BFRT combined with aerobic exercise. Of the five articles that analyzed BFRT combined with strengthening exercises, only two presented a control group. Both performed a low-load resistance training in combination with BFRT with four series, 30/15/15/15 repetitions and a rest of 1 min between the series and 3 min between the exercises. The control groups to which they were compared performed a high intensity strengthening exercise protocol which had the same exercises, sets, rests and duration of the protocol as the experimental groups. For those two papers which investigated the effects of BFRT combined with aerobic training, exercise was performed in two sessions per week for a period of 8 and 6 weeks, respectively. In both studies, the experimental protocol began with a warm-up phase and ended with a cool-down phase, and there were differences in cuff management. All these investigations found positive effects in the interventions that combined exercise with BFRT. The characteristics, outcome measures, effects of the interventions and the assessment of the methodological quality of the included studies and risk of bias are shown in the tables. Conclusions: BFRT in people with MS appears to be effective and safe for people with MS. BFRT might show positive clinical effects on strength, hypertrophy and balance outcomes. Nevertheless, future research should be conducted with better methodological quality to ensure the potential benefits of BFRT in people with MS since the studies analyzed present a high risk of bias and methodological limitations. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-7ae3c0c1bae54f179f5ab26d9525a0a0 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2035-8377 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-7ae3c0c1bae54f179f5ab26d9525a0a02024-12-27T14:43:48ZengMDPI AGNeurology International2035-83772024-11-011661385140410.3390/neurolint16060104Effectiveness and Feasibility of Blood Flow Restriction Training for People with Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic ReviewAitor Blázquez-Fernández0Selena Marcos-Antón1Roberto Cano-de-la-Cuerda2International PhD School, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28008 Madrid, SpainDepartment of Health Sciences, Universidad Villanueva, 28034 Madrid, SpainDepartment of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University, Alcorcón, 28922 Madrid, SpainBackground: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated inflammatory disease that primarily targets the myelin of axons. Extremities are frequently affected, resulting in a negative impact on both activities of daily living (ADL) and quality of life. In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the potential benefits of exercise and blood flow restriction training (BFRT) programs as a therapeutic tool in people with neurological disorders. The aim of the present systematic review was to know the clinical effects of BFRT programs in people with MS. Methods: A systematically comprehensive literature search was conducted and registered in PROSPERO prior to its execution under the reference number CRD42024588963. The following data sources were used: Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science (WOS) and the Cochrane Library. The following data were extracted from the papers: study design, sample, interventions, dosage, outcome measures and results. To assess the methodological quality of the papers included, the Quality Index of Downs and Black was used. Additionally, the articles were classified according to the levels of evidence and grades of recommendation for diagnosis studies established by the Oxford Center for Evidence-Based Medicine. Also, the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions was used by two independent reviewers to assess risk of bias, assessing the six different domains. Results: Seven articles with a total of 71 participants were included in the review. Of the seven articles, five papers studied the effectiveness of BFRT combined with strengthening exercises and two papers studied the effect of BFRT combined with aerobic exercise. Of the five articles that analyzed BFRT combined with strengthening exercises, only two presented a control group. Both performed a low-load resistance training in combination with BFRT with four series, 30/15/15/15 repetitions and a rest of 1 min between the series and 3 min between the exercises. The control groups to which they were compared performed a high intensity strengthening exercise protocol which had the same exercises, sets, rests and duration of the protocol as the experimental groups. For those two papers which investigated the effects of BFRT combined with aerobic training, exercise was performed in two sessions per week for a period of 8 and 6 weeks, respectively. In both studies, the experimental protocol began with a warm-up phase and ended with a cool-down phase, and there were differences in cuff management. All these investigations found positive effects in the interventions that combined exercise with BFRT. The characteristics, outcome measures, effects of the interventions and the assessment of the methodological quality of the included studies and risk of bias are shown in the tables. Conclusions: BFRT in people with MS appears to be effective and safe for people with MS. BFRT might show positive clinical effects on strength, hypertrophy and balance outcomes. Nevertheless, future research should be conducted with better methodological quality to ensure the potential benefits of BFRT in people with MS since the studies analyzed present a high risk of bias and methodological limitations.https://www.mdpi.com/2035-8377/16/6/104multiple sclerosisexercisephysical activityblood flow restriction trainingstrengthresistance |
| spellingShingle | Aitor Blázquez-Fernández Selena Marcos-Antón Roberto Cano-de-la-Cuerda Effectiveness and Feasibility of Blood Flow Restriction Training for People with Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review Neurology International multiple sclerosis exercise physical activity blood flow restriction training strength resistance |
| title | Effectiveness and Feasibility of Blood Flow Restriction Training for People with Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review |
| title_full | Effectiveness and Feasibility of Blood Flow Restriction Training for People with Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review |
| title_fullStr | Effectiveness and Feasibility of Blood Flow Restriction Training for People with Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effectiveness and Feasibility of Blood Flow Restriction Training for People with Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review |
| title_short | Effectiveness and Feasibility of Blood Flow Restriction Training for People with Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review |
| title_sort | effectiveness and feasibility of blood flow restriction training for people with multiple sclerosis a systematic review |
| topic | multiple sclerosis exercise physical activity blood flow restriction training strength resistance |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2035-8377/16/6/104 |
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