Caffeinated chewing gum enhances maximal strength and muscular endurance during bench press and back squat exercises in resistance-trained men
IntroductionCaffeinated chewing gum, known for its rapid absorption, has not been previously studied for its effects on maximal strength and muscular endurance in resistance exercise. The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of caffeinated chewing gum on maximal strength and muscular endu...
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2025-01-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Nutrition |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2025.1540552/full |
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| author | Li Ding Jue Liu Yi Yao Li Guo Bin Chen Yinhang Cao Olivier Girard |
| author_facet | Li Ding Jue Liu Yi Yao Li Guo Bin Chen Yinhang Cao Olivier Girard |
| author_sort | Li Ding |
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| description | IntroductionCaffeinated chewing gum, known for its rapid absorption, has not been previously studied for its effects on maximal strength and muscular endurance in resistance exercise. The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of caffeinated chewing gum on maximal strength and muscular endurance during bench press and back squat exercises.MethodsIn a randomized, double-blind design, 16 resistance-trained males (age: 21.6 ± 2.0 years, height: 176.8 ± 6.1 cm, mass: 79.6 ± 8.8 kg) chewed either caffeinated gum (3 mg/kg) or a placebo gum on two occasions, 1 week apart. After a standardized warm-up, participants chewed the gum for 5 min before performing maximal strength test (one-repetition maximum [1RM]) and muscular endurance test (60% 1RM repetitions to failure) for bench press and back squat exercises. 1RM, number of repetitions, ratings of perceived exertion and pain perception were assessed.ResultsCaffeinated chewing gum significantly improved 1RM in both bench press (105.3 ± 14.5 vs. 100.3 ± 13.4 kg, +5.0% [95% confidence interval (CI): 3.7–6.3%], p < 0.01) and back squat (172.3 ± 20.2 vs. 161.9 ± 22.3 kg, +6.8% [95%CI: 4.1–9.5%], p < 0.01) exercises with small effect size (Cohen’s d: 0.36 [95%CI: 0.09–0.63] and 0.49 [95%CI: 0.22–0.76], respectively), despite similar levels of pain perception and RPE (p > 0.05). It also increased the number of repetitions in both bench press (20 ± 5 vs. 17 ± 4, +18.8% [95%CI: 11.5–26.1%], p < 0.01) and back squat (37 ± 11 vs. 28 ± 8, +33.3% [95%CI: 23.1–43.4%], p < 0.01) exercises with moderate-to-large effect size (Cohen’s d: 0.76 [95%CI: 0.48–1.03] and 0.89 [95%CI: 0.60–1.16], respectively), despite similar levels of pain perception and RPE (p > 0.05).DiscussionCaffeinated chewing gum (3 mg/kg) improved both maximal strength and muscular endurance during bench press and back squat exercises in resistance-trained men. This approach offers a practical and time-efficient method to improve training performance while minimizing the risk of side effects. |
| format | Article |
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| institution | Kabale University |
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| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-7abd0e662c5d4045b508c9f8f69432ea2025-01-29T05:21:31ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Nutrition2296-861X2025-01-011210.3389/fnut.2025.15405521540552Caffeinated chewing gum enhances maximal strength and muscular endurance during bench press and back squat exercises in resistance-trained menLi Ding0Jue Liu1Yi Yao2Li Guo3Bin Chen4Yinhang Cao5Olivier Girard6School of Athletic Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, ChinaDepartment of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, ChinaSchool of Athletic Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, ChinaSchool of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, ChinaDepartment of Public Physical Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, ChinaSchool of Athletic Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, ChinaSchool of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, AustraliaIntroductionCaffeinated chewing gum, known for its rapid absorption, has not been previously studied for its effects on maximal strength and muscular endurance in resistance exercise. The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of caffeinated chewing gum on maximal strength and muscular endurance during bench press and back squat exercises.MethodsIn a randomized, double-blind design, 16 resistance-trained males (age: 21.6 ± 2.0 years, height: 176.8 ± 6.1 cm, mass: 79.6 ± 8.8 kg) chewed either caffeinated gum (3 mg/kg) or a placebo gum on two occasions, 1 week apart. After a standardized warm-up, participants chewed the gum for 5 min before performing maximal strength test (one-repetition maximum [1RM]) and muscular endurance test (60% 1RM repetitions to failure) for bench press and back squat exercises. 1RM, number of repetitions, ratings of perceived exertion and pain perception were assessed.ResultsCaffeinated chewing gum significantly improved 1RM in both bench press (105.3 ± 14.5 vs. 100.3 ± 13.4 kg, +5.0% [95% confidence interval (CI): 3.7–6.3%], p < 0.01) and back squat (172.3 ± 20.2 vs. 161.9 ± 22.3 kg, +6.8% [95%CI: 4.1–9.5%], p < 0.01) exercises with small effect size (Cohen’s d: 0.36 [95%CI: 0.09–0.63] and 0.49 [95%CI: 0.22–0.76], respectively), despite similar levels of pain perception and RPE (p > 0.05). It also increased the number of repetitions in both bench press (20 ± 5 vs. 17 ± 4, +18.8% [95%CI: 11.5–26.1%], p < 0.01) and back squat (37 ± 11 vs. 28 ± 8, +33.3% [95%CI: 23.1–43.4%], p < 0.01) exercises with moderate-to-large effect size (Cohen’s d: 0.76 [95%CI: 0.48–1.03] and 0.89 [95%CI: 0.60–1.16], respectively), despite similar levels of pain perception and RPE (p > 0.05).DiscussionCaffeinated chewing gum (3 mg/kg) improved both maximal strength and muscular endurance during bench press and back squat exercises in resistance-trained men. This approach offers a practical and time-efficient method to improve training performance while minimizing the risk of side effects.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2025.1540552/fullcaffeineergogenic aidnutritional supplementone-maximum repetitionrepetitions to failure |
| spellingShingle | Li Ding Jue Liu Yi Yao Li Guo Bin Chen Yinhang Cao Olivier Girard Caffeinated chewing gum enhances maximal strength and muscular endurance during bench press and back squat exercises in resistance-trained men Frontiers in Nutrition caffeine ergogenic aid nutritional supplement one-maximum repetition repetitions to failure |
| title | Caffeinated chewing gum enhances maximal strength and muscular endurance during bench press and back squat exercises in resistance-trained men |
| title_full | Caffeinated chewing gum enhances maximal strength and muscular endurance during bench press and back squat exercises in resistance-trained men |
| title_fullStr | Caffeinated chewing gum enhances maximal strength and muscular endurance during bench press and back squat exercises in resistance-trained men |
| title_full_unstemmed | Caffeinated chewing gum enhances maximal strength and muscular endurance during bench press and back squat exercises in resistance-trained men |
| title_short | Caffeinated chewing gum enhances maximal strength and muscular endurance during bench press and back squat exercises in resistance-trained men |
| title_sort | caffeinated chewing gum enhances maximal strength and muscular endurance during bench press and back squat exercises in resistance trained men |
| topic | caffeine ergogenic aid nutritional supplement one-maximum repetition repetitions to failure |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2025.1540552/full |
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