Dynamics of Subsurface Flows in Solar Active Regions during the 2024 May Storm
In 2024 May, the Sun exhibited intense magnetic activity, marked by numerous high-intensity flares resulting from the interaction and merging of NOAA active regions (ARs) 13664 and 13668 in the southern hemisphere and AR 13663 in the northern hemisphere. Notably, AR 13664 displayed an extended lifet...
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| Language: | English |
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IOP Publishing
2025-01-01
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| Series: | The Astrophysical Journal |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ade2e3 |
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| author | B. Lekshmi Sushanta Tripathy Kiran Jain Alexei Pevtsov |
| author_facet | B. Lekshmi Sushanta Tripathy Kiran Jain Alexei Pevtsov |
| author_sort | B. Lekshmi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In 2024 May, the Sun exhibited intense magnetic activity, marked by numerous high-intensity flares resulting from the interaction and merging of NOAA active regions (ARs) 13664 and 13668 in the southern hemisphere and AR 13663 in the northern hemisphere. Notably, AR 13664 displayed an extended lifetime, remaining visible after a full solar rotation and continuing to produce significant flaring activity. In this study, we investigate the evolution of subphotospheric plasma flows associated with these ARs during their disk passage using ring-diagram analysis of Solar Dynamics Observatory/Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager Dopplergrams. We analyze flow divergence, vorticity, and kinetic helicity across depths from the surface to 25 Mm, revealing pronounced temporal and depth-dependent variations. Our observations indicate that the majority of flares occur on the days when the Normalized Helicity Gradient Variance, a measure of kinetic helicity spread, peaks or on the following day. Furthermore, we examine the relationship between subsurface flow dynamics and surface magnetic properties of these complex ARs to understand the interaction between them. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-7a8ccd9eb58b4a908f10ebda66803fe4 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1538-4357 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | IOP Publishing |
| record_format | Article |
| series | The Astrophysical Journal |
| spelling | doaj-art-7a8ccd9eb58b4a908f10ebda66803fe42025-08-20T03:31:05ZengIOP PublishingThe Astrophysical Journal1538-43572025-01-01987213410.3847/1538-4357/ade2e3Dynamics of Subsurface Flows in Solar Active Regions during the 2024 May StormB. Lekshmi0https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0666-7650Sushanta Tripathy1https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4995-6180Kiran Jain2https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1905-1639Alexei Pevtsov3https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0489-0920National Solar Observatory , 3665 Discovery Dr., Boulder, CO 80303, USANational Solar Observatory , 3665 Discovery Dr., Boulder, CO 80303, USANational Solar Observatory , 3665 Discovery Dr., Boulder, CO 80303, USANational Solar Observatory , 3665 Discovery Dr., Boulder, CO 80303, USAIn 2024 May, the Sun exhibited intense magnetic activity, marked by numerous high-intensity flares resulting from the interaction and merging of NOAA active regions (ARs) 13664 and 13668 in the southern hemisphere and AR 13663 in the northern hemisphere. Notably, AR 13664 displayed an extended lifetime, remaining visible after a full solar rotation and continuing to produce significant flaring activity. In this study, we investigate the evolution of subphotospheric plasma flows associated with these ARs during their disk passage using ring-diagram analysis of Solar Dynamics Observatory/Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager Dopplergrams. We analyze flow divergence, vorticity, and kinetic helicity across depths from the surface to 25 Mm, revealing pronounced temporal and depth-dependent variations. Our observations indicate that the majority of flares occur on the days when the Normalized Helicity Gradient Variance, a measure of kinetic helicity spread, peaks or on the following day. Furthermore, we examine the relationship between subsurface flow dynamics and surface magnetic properties of these complex ARs to understand the interaction between them.https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ade2e3Solar stormSolar flaresSolar active region velocity fieldsSolar active region magnetic fieldsSolar active regionsSolar activity |
| spellingShingle | B. Lekshmi Sushanta Tripathy Kiran Jain Alexei Pevtsov Dynamics of Subsurface Flows in Solar Active Regions during the 2024 May Storm The Astrophysical Journal Solar storm Solar flares Solar active region velocity fields Solar active region magnetic fields Solar active regions Solar activity |
| title | Dynamics of Subsurface Flows in Solar Active Regions during the 2024 May Storm |
| title_full | Dynamics of Subsurface Flows in Solar Active Regions during the 2024 May Storm |
| title_fullStr | Dynamics of Subsurface Flows in Solar Active Regions during the 2024 May Storm |
| title_full_unstemmed | Dynamics of Subsurface Flows in Solar Active Regions during the 2024 May Storm |
| title_short | Dynamics of Subsurface Flows in Solar Active Regions during the 2024 May Storm |
| title_sort | dynamics of subsurface flows in solar active regions during the 2024 may storm |
| topic | Solar storm Solar flares Solar active region velocity fields Solar active region magnetic fields Solar active regions Solar activity |
| url | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ade2e3 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT blekshmi dynamicsofsubsurfaceflowsinsolaractiveregionsduringthe2024maystorm AT sushantatripathy dynamicsofsubsurfaceflowsinsolaractiveregionsduringthe2024maystorm AT kiranjain dynamicsofsubsurfaceflowsinsolaractiveregionsduringthe2024maystorm AT alexeipevtsov dynamicsofsubsurfaceflowsinsolaractiveregionsduringthe2024maystorm |