Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi: Insights into Methods for Inoculum Production and Advances in In vitro Sporulation Techniques

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis is an important biological breakthrough which assisted plant land colonization over 400 million years ago. This widespread mutualistic interaction between fungi and plants enhances nutrient exchange, ecological sustainability, plant stress resistance, and host p...

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Main Authors: M. Priyadharshini, R. Thamizh Vendan, K. Kumutha, R. Subhashini, R. Amutha, S. Merina Prem Kumari, I. Yesu Raja
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology 2025-06-01
Series:Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology
Subjects:
Online Access:https://microbiologyjournal.org/arbuscular-mycorrhizal-fungi-insights-into-methods-for-inoculum-production-and-advances-in-in-vitro-sporulation-techniques/
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author M. Priyadharshini
R. Thamizh Vendan
K. Kumutha
R. Subhashini
R. Amutha
S. Merina Prem Kumari
I. Yesu Raja
author_facet M. Priyadharshini
R. Thamizh Vendan
K. Kumutha
R. Subhashini
R. Amutha
S. Merina Prem Kumari
I. Yesu Raja
author_sort M. Priyadharshini
collection DOAJ
description Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis is an important biological breakthrough which assisted plant land colonization over 400 million years ago. This widespread mutualistic interaction between fungi and plants enhances nutrient exchange, ecological sustainability, plant stress resistance, and host plant development. AM symbiosis improves plant nutrition by deriving nutrients through both mycorrhizal pathways and the Plant’s own pathways. AMF influence nutrient availability by altering soil properties, microbial populations, and nutrient cycling. Understanding the life cycle of AMF, spore germination, sporulation, colonization, and symbiosis formation are critical for large-scale agricultural applications. Root organ culture (ROC) techniques offer intriguing possibilities to mass producing AMF under in vitro. This review surveys the literature on these topics, focusing on methods for enhancing sporulation in in vitro. Enhancing in vitro sporulation can be achieved by supplementing growth media with phenolic compounds, fatty acids, and phytohormones, and optimizing the media and related factors. These compounds regulate fungal growth and development, leading to increased sporulation and improved AMF inoculant efficacy. Further research is needed to provide quality inoculum and develop crop-specific formulations and delivery methods to harness the potential of AMF in diverse agroecosystems.
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spelling doaj-art-7a8b293689ec4b4f810ebed9dd6dc7a62025-08-20T02:39:59ZengJournal of Pure and Applied MicrobiologyJournal of Pure and Applied Microbiology0973-75102581-690X2025-06-01192848868https://doi.org/10.22207/JPAM.19.2.17Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi: Insights into Methods for Inoculum Production and Advances in In vitro Sporulation TechniquesM. Priyadharshinihttps://orcid.org/0009-0000-3452-5161R. Thamizh Vendanhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-8758-8983K. Kumuthahttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-2529-532XR. SubhashiniR. Amuthahttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1313-4660S. Merina Prem Kumarihttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-5995-8879I. Yesu Rajahttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-1874-0472Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis is an important biological breakthrough which assisted plant land colonization over 400 million years ago. This widespread mutualistic interaction between fungi and plants enhances nutrient exchange, ecological sustainability, plant stress resistance, and host plant development. AM symbiosis improves plant nutrition by deriving nutrients through both mycorrhizal pathways and the Plant’s own pathways. AMF influence nutrient availability by altering soil properties, microbial populations, and nutrient cycling. Understanding the life cycle of AMF, spore germination, sporulation, colonization, and symbiosis formation are critical for large-scale agricultural applications. Root organ culture (ROC) techniques offer intriguing possibilities to mass producing AMF under in vitro. This review surveys the literature on these topics, focusing on methods for enhancing sporulation in in vitro. Enhancing in vitro sporulation can be achieved by supplementing growth media with phenolic compounds, fatty acids, and phytohormones, and optimizing the media and related factors. These compounds regulate fungal growth and development, leading to increased sporulation and improved AMF inoculant efficacy. Further research is needed to provide quality inoculum and develop crop-specific formulations and delivery methods to harness the potential of AMF in diverse agroecosystems.https://microbiologyjournal.org/arbuscular-mycorrhizal-fungi-insights-into-methods-for-inoculum-production-and-advances-in-in-vitro-sporulation-techniques/am fungilife cycleroot organ culturesignalling compoundsplant hormonessporulation
spellingShingle M. Priyadharshini
R. Thamizh Vendan
K. Kumutha
R. Subhashini
R. Amutha
S. Merina Prem Kumari
I. Yesu Raja
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi: Insights into Methods for Inoculum Production and Advances in In vitro Sporulation Techniques
Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology
am fungi
life cycle
root organ culture
signalling compounds
plant hormones
sporulation
title Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi: Insights into Methods for Inoculum Production and Advances in In vitro Sporulation Techniques
title_full Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi: Insights into Methods for Inoculum Production and Advances in In vitro Sporulation Techniques
title_fullStr Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi: Insights into Methods for Inoculum Production and Advances in In vitro Sporulation Techniques
title_full_unstemmed Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi: Insights into Methods for Inoculum Production and Advances in In vitro Sporulation Techniques
title_short Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi: Insights into Methods for Inoculum Production and Advances in In vitro Sporulation Techniques
title_sort arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi insights into methods for inoculum production and advances in in vitro sporulation techniques
topic am fungi
life cycle
root organ culture
signalling compounds
plant hormones
sporulation
url https://microbiologyjournal.org/arbuscular-mycorrhizal-fungi-insights-into-methods-for-inoculum-production-and-advances-in-in-vitro-sporulation-techniques/
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