On-Chip DO sensor based on phosphorescence lifetime spectroscopy for investigation of activation parameters in photodynamic therapy of cancers

A 3D-printed optofluidic chip with an embedded dissolved oxygen sensor, empowered with a time-resolved phosphorescence lifetime spectroscopy platform, is developed for indirect analysis of reactive oxygen species (ROS) dynamics in photodynamic therapy (PDT). This platform is implemented for continuo...

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Main Authors: E. Heydari, S. Delavari, K. Hajisharifi, S. Emadi, H. Radnaseri, M. Moeini, H. Mehdian, A. Erdem, G. Bai, M. Razzaghi
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier 2025-06-01
Series:Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research
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Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214180425000455
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author E. Heydari
S. Delavari
K. Hajisharifi
S. Emadi
H. Radnaseri
M. Moeini
H. Mehdian
A. Erdem
G. Bai
M. Razzaghi
author_facet E. Heydari
S. Delavari
K. Hajisharifi
S. Emadi
H. Radnaseri
M. Moeini
H. Mehdian
A. Erdem
G. Bai
M. Razzaghi
author_sort E. Heydari
collection DOAJ
description A 3D-printed optofluidic chip with an embedded dissolved oxygen sensor, empowered with a time-resolved phosphorescence lifetime spectroscopy platform, is developed for indirect analysis of reactive oxygen species (ROS) dynamics in photodynamic therapy (PDT). This platform is implemented for continuous evaluation of ROS production/elimination through real-time measurement of photoluminescence (PL) lifetime (τ) during PDT treatment, revealing the key contributions of the photosensitizer (PS), excitation laser, and the medium in ROS generation during this process. Rose Bengal (RB) is utilized as a PS to demonstrate this system's capability to analyze and tune the PS activation parameters such as PS concentration, laser exposure time, and power. In addition, the platform provides important information on the medium activation duration, the maximum changes in the PL lifetime (∆τmax), and the time to reach ∆τmax. For the Dulbecco's modified eagle medium high glucose (DMEM HG) containing fetal bovine serum (FBS), RB, and A375 human melanoma cell line as a representative example, these parameters are 1070 s, 4.4 μs, and 780 s respectively. Two ROS scavengers of sodium pyruvate (SP) and terephthalic acid (TA) are used to demonstrate that more than 90 % of the change in the τ corresponds to OH• and H2O2 radicals, confirming the correlation between ROS generation/elimination and τ variations. Moreover, this system is compared with conventional absorption and photoluminescent methods based on 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran (DPBF) indicator. Unlike DPBF and similar indicators, this on-chip system besides providing real-time data on the dynamics of activation and deactivation of the PSs, enables distinguishing the contribution of various parameters, and is not consumed during the measurement and can be reused multiple times. Therefore, the developed platform is potentially beneficial for on-chip drug analysis and development in PDT therapy, as well as other biomedical applications.
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spelling doaj-art-7a63c4f735884a7aa0ac7704d6d3352f2025-08-20T03:20:03ZengElsevierSensing and Bio-Sensing Research2214-18042025-06-014810077910.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100779On-Chip DO sensor based on phosphorescence lifetime spectroscopy for investigation of activation parameters in photodynamic therapy of cancersE. Heydari0S. Delavari1K. Hajisharifi2S. Emadi3H. Radnaseri4M. Moeini5H. Mehdian6A. Erdem7G. Bai8M. Razzaghi9Nanophotonic Sensors and Optofluidics Lab, Faculty of Physics, Kharazmi University, Tehran 15719-14911, Iran; Plasma Medicine Group, Faculty of Physics, Kharazmi University, Tehran, 15719-14911, Iran; Center for International Scientific Studies & Collaborations (CISSC), Ministry of Science Research and Technology of Iran, Tehran, Iran; Corresponding author at: Nanophotonic Sensors and Optofluidics Lab, Faculty of Physics, Kharazmi University, Tehran 15719-14911, Iran.Nanophotonic Sensors and Optofluidics Lab, Faculty of Physics, Kharazmi University, Tehran 15719-14911, IranPlasma Medicine Group, Faculty of Physics, Kharazmi University, Tehran, 15719-14911, IranPlasma Medicine Group, Faculty of Physics, Kharazmi University, Tehran, 15719-14911, IranNanophotonic Sensors and Optofluidics Lab, Faculty of Physics, Kharazmi University, Tehran 15719-14911, IranDepartment of Material Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, CanadaPlasma Medicine Group, Faculty of Physics, Kharazmi University, Tehran, 15719-14911, IranDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Kocaeli University, Umuttepe Campus, Kocaeli 41380, TürkiyeKey Laboratory of Rare Earth Optoelectronic Materials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, ChinaCenter for Laser Research in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti Medical University, Tehran, IranA 3D-printed optofluidic chip with an embedded dissolved oxygen sensor, empowered with a time-resolved phosphorescence lifetime spectroscopy platform, is developed for indirect analysis of reactive oxygen species (ROS) dynamics in photodynamic therapy (PDT). This platform is implemented for continuous evaluation of ROS production/elimination through real-time measurement of photoluminescence (PL) lifetime (τ) during PDT treatment, revealing the key contributions of the photosensitizer (PS), excitation laser, and the medium in ROS generation during this process. Rose Bengal (RB) is utilized as a PS to demonstrate this system's capability to analyze and tune the PS activation parameters such as PS concentration, laser exposure time, and power. In addition, the platform provides important information on the medium activation duration, the maximum changes in the PL lifetime (∆τmax), and the time to reach ∆τmax. For the Dulbecco's modified eagle medium high glucose (DMEM HG) containing fetal bovine serum (FBS), RB, and A375 human melanoma cell line as a representative example, these parameters are 1070 s, 4.4 μs, and 780 s respectively. Two ROS scavengers of sodium pyruvate (SP) and terephthalic acid (TA) are used to demonstrate that more than 90 % of the change in the τ corresponds to OH• and H2O2 radicals, confirming the correlation between ROS generation/elimination and τ variations. Moreover, this system is compared with conventional absorption and photoluminescent methods based on 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran (DPBF) indicator. Unlike DPBF and similar indicators, this on-chip system besides providing real-time data on the dynamics of activation and deactivation of the PSs, enables distinguishing the contribution of various parameters, and is not consumed during the measurement and can be reused multiple times. Therefore, the developed platform is potentially beneficial for on-chip drug analysis and development in PDT therapy, as well as other biomedical applications.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214180425000455Photodynamic therapyReactive oxygen speciesOn-chip dissolved oxygen sensorA375 cell line
spellingShingle E. Heydari
S. Delavari
K. Hajisharifi
S. Emadi
H. Radnaseri
M. Moeini
H. Mehdian
A. Erdem
G. Bai
M. Razzaghi
On-Chip DO sensor based on phosphorescence lifetime spectroscopy for investigation of activation parameters in photodynamic therapy of cancers
Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research
Photodynamic therapy
Reactive oxygen species
On-chip dissolved oxygen sensor
A375 cell line
title On-Chip DO sensor based on phosphorescence lifetime spectroscopy for investigation of activation parameters in photodynamic therapy of cancers
title_full On-Chip DO sensor based on phosphorescence lifetime spectroscopy for investigation of activation parameters in photodynamic therapy of cancers
title_fullStr On-Chip DO sensor based on phosphorescence lifetime spectroscopy for investigation of activation parameters in photodynamic therapy of cancers
title_full_unstemmed On-Chip DO sensor based on phosphorescence lifetime spectroscopy for investigation of activation parameters in photodynamic therapy of cancers
title_short On-Chip DO sensor based on phosphorescence lifetime spectroscopy for investigation of activation parameters in photodynamic therapy of cancers
title_sort on chip do sensor based on phosphorescence lifetime spectroscopy for investigation of activation parameters in photodynamic therapy of cancers
topic Photodynamic therapy
Reactive oxygen species
On-chip dissolved oxygen sensor
A375 cell line
url http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214180425000455
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