Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells and visual processing: ipRGCs beyond non-image-forming functions

Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) are relatively newly discovered photoreceptors other than rods and cones. For the last decade, people have been considered ipRGCs to be primarily in charge of non-image-forming and cognitive functions. However, an increasing body of eviden...

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Main Author: Hsing-Hao Lee
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Frontiers Media S.A. 2025-08-01
Series:Frontiers in Neuroscience
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnins.2025.1635101/full
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author Hsing-Hao Lee
author_facet Hsing-Hao Lee
author_sort Hsing-Hao Lee
collection DOAJ
description Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) are relatively newly discovered photoreceptors other than rods and cones. For the last decade, people have been considered ipRGCs to be primarily in charge of non-image-forming and cognitive functions. However, an increasing body of evidence has pointed out that ipRGCs also play a role in visual processing, such as contrast, brightness and color perception. In this mini-review, I listed what the caveats about those studies discussing how ipRGCs affect cognitive functions and how ipRGCs serve as image-forming functions under well-controlled condition.
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publisher Frontiers Media S.A.
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series Frontiers in Neuroscience
spelling doaj-art-7a630dcfd3ac4dbf8a9f3ff1fa7fcb3b2025-08-20T03:23:34ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Neuroscience1662-453X2025-08-011910.3389/fnins.2025.16351011635101Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells and visual processing: ipRGCs beyond non-image-forming functionsHsing-Hao LeeIntrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) are relatively newly discovered photoreceptors other than rods and cones. For the last decade, people have been considered ipRGCs to be primarily in charge of non-image-forming and cognitive functions. However, an increasing body of evidence has pointed out that ipRGCs also play a role in visual processing, such as contrast, brightness and color perception. In this mini-review, I listed what the caveats about those studies discussing how ipRGCs affect cognitive functions and how ipRGCs serve as image-forming functions under well-controlled condition.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnins.2025.1635101/fullintrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs)blue lightvisual processingnon-image-forming functionsmelanopsin
spellingShingle Hsing-Hao Lee
Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells and visual processing: ipRGCs beyond non-image-forming functions
Frontiers in Neuroscience
intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs)
blue light
visual processing
non-image-forming functions
melanopsin
title Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells and visual processing: ipRGCs beyond non-image-forming functions
title_full Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells and visual processing: ipRGCs beyond non-image-forming functions
title_fullStr Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells and visual processing: ipRGCs beyond non-image-forming functions
title_full_unstemmed Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells and visual processing: ipRGCs beyond non-image-forming functions
title_short Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells and visual processing: ipRGCs beyond non-image-forming functions
title_sort intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells and visual processing iprgcs beyond non image forming functions
topic intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs)
blue light
visual processing
non-image-forming functions
melanopsin
url https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnins.2025.1635101/full
work_keys_str_mv AT hsinghaolee intrinsicallyphotosensitiveretinalganglioncellsandvisualprocessingiprgcsbeyondnonimageformingfunctions