Neuroevolution of decentralized decision-making in $${\boldsymbol{N}}$$ N -bead swimmers leads to scalable and robust collective locomotion

Abstract Many microorganisms swim by performing larger non-reciprocal shape deformations that are initiated locally by molecular motors. However, it remains unclear how decentralized shape control determines the movement of the entire organism. Here, we investigate how efficient locomotion emerges f...

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Main Authors: Benedikt Hartl, Michael Levin, Andreas Zöttl
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-05-01
Series:Communications Physics
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s42005-025-02101-5
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author Benedikt Hartl
Michael Levin
Andreas Zöttl
author_facet Benedikt Hartl
Michael Levin
Andreas Zöttl
author_sort Benedikt Hartl
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Many microorganisms swim by performing larger non-reciprocal shape deformations that are initiated locally by molecular motors. However, it remains unclear how decentralized shape control determines the movement of the entire organism. Here, we investigate how efficient locomotion emerges from coordinated yet simple and decentralized decision-making of the body parts using neuroevolution techniques. Our approach allows us to investigate optimal locomotion policies for increasingly large microswimmer bodies, with emerging long-wavelength body shape deformations corresponding to surprisingly efficient swimming gaits. The obtained decentralized policies are robust and tolerant concerning morphological changes or defects and can be applied to artificial microswimmers for cargo transport or drug delivery applications without further optimization “out of the box”. Our work is of relevance to understanding and developing robust navigation strategies of biological and artificial microswimmers and, in a broader context, for understanding emergent levels of individuality and the role of collective intelligence in Artificial Life.
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spelling doaj-art-7a3dcdcf27934531adf39483f065caf42025-08-20T03:09:20ZengNature PortfolioCommunications Physics2399-36502025-05-018111410.1038/s42005-025-02101-5Neuroevolution of decentralized decision-making in $${\boldsymbol{N}}$$ N -bead swimmers leads to scalable and robust collective locomotionBenedikt Hartl0Michael Levin1Andreas Zöttl2Institute for Theoretical Physics, TU WienAllen Discovery Center at Tufts UniversityFaculty of Physics, University of ViennaAbstract Many microorganisms swim by performing larger non-reciprocal shape deformations that are initiated locally by molecular motors. However, it remains unclear how decentralized shape control determines the movement of the entire organism. Here, we investigate how efficient locomotion emerges from coordinated yet simple and decentralized decision-making of the body parts using neuroevolution techniques. Our approach allows us to investigate optimal locomotion policies for increasingly large microswimmer bodies, with emerging long-wavelength body shape deformations corresponding to surprisingly efficient swimming gaits. The obtained decentralized policies are robust and tolerant concerning morphological changes or defects and can be applied to artificial microswimmers for cargo transport or drug delivery applications without further optimization “out of the box”. Our work is of relevance to understanding and developing robust navigation strategies of biological and artificial microswimmers and, in a broader context, for understanding emergent levels of individuality and the role of collective intelligence in Artificial Life.https://doi.org/10.1038/s42005-025-02101-5
spellingShingle Benedikt Hartl
Michael Levin
Andreas Zöttl
Neuroevolution of decentralized decision-making in $${\boldsymbol{N}}$$ N -bead swimmers leads to scalable and robust collective locomotion
Communications Physics
title Neuroevolution of decentralized decision-making in $${\boldsymbol{N}}$$ N -bead swimmers leads to scalable and robust collective locomotion
title_full Neuroevolution of decentralized decision-making in $${\boldsymbol{N}}$$ N -bead swimmers leads to scalable and robust collective locomotion
title_fullStr Neuroevolution of decentralized decision-making in $${\boldsymbol{N}}$$ N -bead swimmers leads to scalable and robust collective locomotion
title_full_unstemmed Neuroevolution of decentralized decision-making in $${\boldsymbol{N}}$$ N -bead swimmers leads to scalable and robust collective locomotion
title_short Neuroevolution of decentralized decision-making in $${\boldsymbol{N}}$$ N -bead swimmers leads to scalable and robust collective locomotion
title_sort neuroevolution of decentralized decision making in boldsymbol n n bead swimmers leads to scalable and robust collective locomotion
url https://doi.org/10.1038/s42005-025-02101-5
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AT michaellevin neuroevolutionofdecentralizeddecisionmakinginboldsymbolnnbeadswimmersleadstoscalableandrobustcollectivelocomotion
AT andreaszottl neuroevolutionofdecentralizeddecisionmakinginboldsymbolnnbeadswimmersleadstoscalableandrobustcollectivelocomotion