Assessing the influencing factors of dengue fever in Chinese mainland based on causal analysis

Abstract Previous studies have identified various factors affecting dengue fever, but most focus on correlations within specific regions, not establishing causality. This study uses Convergent Cross Mapping (CCM) to explore the causal relationships between nine meteorological factors and reported de...

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Main Authors: Xingyuan Yu, Xia Wang, Sanyi Tang
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-05-01
Series:Scientific Reports
Subjects:
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-00218-9
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author Xingyuan Yu
Xia Wang
Sanyi Tang
author_facet Xingyuan Yu
Xia Wang
Sanyi Tang
author_sort Xingyuan Yu
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Previous studies have identified various factors affecting dengue fever, but most focus on correlations within specific regions, not establishing causality. This study uses Convergent Cross Mapping (CCM) to explore the causal relationships between nine meteorological factors and reported dengue fever cases in 14 Chinese provinces with the highest incidence. Results show that temperature and pressure have causal links with case numbers in more provinces. In Guangdong, which has the most reported cases, Partial Cross Mapping (PCM) reveals a direct causal relationship only between GDP and reported dengue fever cases, while meteorological factors influence dengue fever via their impact on mosquito populations. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) from 30 provinces further confirms the importance of temperature and pressure. Given the significant negative correlation between temperature and pressure, separate models were developed for each province using the Distributed Lag Nonlinear Model (DLNM) combined with the Generalized Additive Model (GAM), with GDP as a covariate. The results indicate that the Relative Risk (RR) increases significantly under high temperatures and low pressure within a shorter lag period. GDP significantly promotes case numbers in all provinces.
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spelling doaj-art-7a34b069b5fc4dd89840e061a5c7c93f2025-08-20T02:55:21ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-05-0115111410.1038/s41598-025-00218-9Assessing the influencing factors of dengue fever in Chinese mainland based on causal analysisXingyuan Yu0Xia Wang1Sanyi Tang2School of Mathematics and Statistics, Shaanxi Normal UniversitySchool of Mathematics and Statistics, Shaanxi Normal UniversitySchool of Mathematical Sciences, Shanxi UniversityAbstract Previous studies have identified various factors affecting dengue fever, but most focus on correlations within specific regions, not establishing causality. This study uses Convergent Cross Mapping (CCM) to explore the causal relationships between nine meteorological factors and reported dengue fever cases in 14 Chinese provinces with the highest incidence. Results show that temperature and pressure have causal links with case numbers in more provinces. In Guangdong, which has the most reported cases, Partial Cross Mapping (PCM) reveals a direct causal relationship only between GDP and reported dengue fever cases, while meteorological factors influence dengue fever via their impact on mosquito populations. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) from 30 provinces further confirms the importance of temperature and pressure. Given the significant negative correlation between temperature and pressure, separate models were developed for each province using the Distributed Lag Nonlinear Model (DLNM) combined with the Generalized Additive Model (GAM), with GDP as a covariate. The results indicate that the Relative Risk (RR) increases significantly under high temperatures and low pressure within a shorter lag period. GDP significantly promotes case numbers in all provinces.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-00218-9DengueConvergent cross mappingPartial cross mappingGeneralized additive modelLagDistributed lag nonlinear model
spellingShingle Xingyuan Yu
Xia Wang
Sanyi Tang
Assessing the influencing factors of dengue fever in Chinese mainland based on causal analysis
Scientific Reports
Dengue
Convergent cross mapping
Partial cross mapping
Generalized additive model
Lag
Distributed lag nonlinear model
title Assessing the influencing factors of dengue fever in Chinese mainland based on causal analysis
title_full Assessing the influencing factors of dengue fever in Chinese mainland based on causal analysis
title_fullStr Assessing the influencing factors of dengue fever in Chinese mainland based on causal analysis
title_full_unstemmed Assessing the influencing factors of dengue fever in Chinese mainland based on causal analysis
title_short Assessing the influencing factors of dengue fever in Chinese mainland based on causal analysis
title_sort assessing the influencing factors of dengue fever in chinese mainland based on causal analysis
topic Dengue
Convergent cross mapping
Partial cross mapping
Generalized additive model
Lag
Distributed lag nonlinear model
url https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-00218-9
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AT sanyitang assessingtheinfluencingfactorsofdenguefeverinchinesemainlandbasedoncausalanalysis