Gamma-tocopherol vitamin E enhances the cytotoxicity of p-cresyl sulfate to renal tubular cells
Abstract Background The protein-bound uremic toxins p-cresyl sulfate (PCS) and indoxyl sulfate (IS) are commonly found at elevated levels in patients with chronic kidney disease and can promote oxidative stress leading to the progression of renal disease. However, whether PCS or IS can directly caus...
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
BMC
2025-07-01
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| Series: | European Journal of Medical Research |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s40001-025-02942-4 |
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