Shaping self-efficacy in online mathematics: A comparative study by gender and semester level

Self-efficacy plays an important role in online mathematics learning, especially because the process demands a high level of independence and self-regulation. However, few studies have explored how sources of self-efficacy may differ based on gender and academic stage in the context of distance edu...

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Main Authors: Suci Nurhayati, Mery Noviyanti, Liana Mohamad
Format: Article
Language:Indonesian
Published: Universitas Hamzanwadi 2025-07-01
Series:Jurnal Elemen
Subjects:
Online Access:https://e-journal.hamzanwadi.ac.id/index.php/jel/article/view/29689
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author Suci Nurhayati
Mery Noviyanti
Liana Mohamad
author_facet Suci Nurhayati
Mery Noviyanti
Liana Mohamad
author_sort Suci Nurhayati
collection DOAJ
description Self-efficacy plays an important role in online mathematics learning, especially because the process demands a high level of independence and self-regulation. However, few studies have explored how sources of self-efficacy may differ based on gender and academic stage in the context of distance education. This study aimed to examine whether there are significant differences across five sources of self-efficacy–mastery experience, vicarious experience, social persuasion, physiological state, and belief–based on students’ gender and academic semester. A total of 104 students from the Mathematics Education program at Universitas Terbuka participated in this study. As the data did not meet the normality assumptions, the Mann–Whitney U and Kruskal–Wallis tests were used. The results showed no significant differences between male and female students across any of the self-efficacy dimensions. However, the academic semester revealed significant differences in two dimensions: social persuasion and belief, with middle-semester students scoring the highest. This implies that self-efficacy support strategies should be tailored to students' academic stages. Those in early semesters may benefit more from peer modelling and encouragement, while those nearing graduation may need more support to manage academic stress. Future studies should involve more diverse samples to validate these results.
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spelling doaj-art-7a09bcea4a6b4c19abcc76dda016d2f92025-08-20T03:02:36ZindUniversitas HamzanwadiJurnal Elemen2442-42262025-07-0111310.29408/jel.v11i3.2968936975Shaping self-efficacy in online mathematics: A comparative study by gender and semester levelSuci Nurhayati0Mery Noviyanti1Liana Mohamad2Universitas TerbukaUniversitas TerbukaOpen University Malaysia Self-efficacy plays an important role in online mathematics learning, especially because the process demands a high level of independence and self-regulation. However, few studies have explored how sources of self-efficacy may differ based on gender and academic stage in the context of distance education. This study aimed to examine whether there are significant differences across five sources of self-efficacy–mastery experience, vicarious experience, social persuasion, physiological state, and belief–based on students’ gender and academic semester. A total of 104 students from the Mathematics Education program at Universitas Terbuka participated in this study. As the data did not meet the normality assumptions, the Mann–Whitney U and Kruskal–Wallis tests were used. The results showed no significant differences between male and female students across any of the self-efficacy dimensions. However, the academic semester revealed significant differences in two dimensions: social persuasion and belief, with middle-semester students scoring the highest. This implies that self-efficacy support strategies should be tailored to students' academic stages. Those in early semesters may benefit more from peer modelling and encouragement, while those nearing graduation may need more support to manage academic stress. Future studies should involve more diverse samples to validate these results. https://e-journal.hamzanwadi.ac.id/index.php/jel/article/view/29689academic semesterdistance educationgendermathematics educationonline learningself-efficacy
spellingShingle Suci Nurhayati
Mery Noviyanti
Liana Mohamad
Shaping self-efficacy in online mathematics: A comparative study by gender and semester level
Jurnal Elemen
academic semester
distance education
gender
mathematics education
online learning
self-efficacy
title Shaping self-efficacy in online mathematics: A comparative study by gender and semester level
title_full Shaping self-efficacy in online mathematics: A comparative study by gender and semester level
title_fullStr Shaping self-efficacy in online mathematics: A comparative study by gender and semester level
title_full_unstemmed Shaping self-efficacy in online mathematics: A comparative study by gender and semester level
title_short Shaping self-efficacy in online mathematics: A comparative study by gender and semester level
title_sort shaping self efficacy in online mathematics a comparative study by gender and semester level
topic academic semester
distance education
gender
mathematics education
online learning
self-efficacy
url https://e-journal.hamzanwadi.ac.id/index.php/jel/article/view/29689
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AT merynoviyanti shapingselfefficacyinonlinemathematicsacomparativestudybygenderandsemesterlevel
AT lianamohamad shapingselfefficacyinonlinemathematicsacomparativestudybygenderandsemesterlevel