Influence of high Andean grasslands on landslide reduction in Peru

Agricultural and urban expansion has caused considerable degradation of ecosystems. In the case of Peruvian high Andean grasslands, it was reported that between 2000 and 2009, this ecosystem was reduced by 7%. The limited or no protection they receive is partly due to the fact that the benefits of e...

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Main Authors: Albert Franco Cerna-Cueva, Katherin Lourdes Uriarte-Barraza, Grecia Isabel Lobatón-Tarazona, Wensty Saenz-Corrales, Casiano Aguirre-Escalante, Peter Coaguila-Rodriguez, Manuel Reategui-Inga
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Universidad Nacional de Trujillo 2024-09-01
Series:Scientia Agropecuaria
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Online Access:https://revistas.unitru.edu.pe/index.php/scientiaagrop/article/view/5415
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author Albert Franco Cerna-Cueva
Katherin Lourdes Uriarte-Barraza
Grecia Isabel Lobatón-Tarazona
Wensty Saenz-Corrales
Casiano Aguirre-Escalante
Peter Coaguila-Rodriguez
Manuel Reategui-Inga
author_facet Albert Franco Cerna-Cueva
Katherin Lourdes Uriarte-Barraza
Grecia Isabel Lobatón-Tarazona
Wensty Saenz-Corrales
Casiano Aguirre-Escalante
Peter Coaguila-Rodriguez
Manuel Reategui-Inga
author_sort Albert Franco Cerna-Cueva
collection DOAJ
description Agricultural and urban expansion has caused considerable degradation of ecosystems. In the case of Peruvian high Andean grasslands, it was reported that between 2000 and 2009, this ecosystem was reduced by 7%. The limited or no protection they receive is partly due to the fact that the benefits of ecosystem services are not widely known. This research aims to establish and predict the influence of high Andean grasslands on the annual occurrence of landslides. To do so, we identified occurrences of landslides, falls, huaycos, avalanches, and alluviums in high Andean grasslands. We also examined urban areas and agricultural zones of Peru for the period from 2003 to 2016. Subsequently, we extracted data on precipitation, temperature, slopes, soil types, and geographical variables. This data was used to train a machine learning model. The results show that 96% of landslides occurred in human-intervened areas, and only 4% in high Andean grasslands. Precipitation and slope thresholds for landslide occurrence are higher in high Andean grasslands compared to agricultural and urban areas. The best-performing machine learning models were linear regression, Gaussian processes, random forest, and support vector machine. They had coefficients of determination of R² = 0.80, 0.80, 0.66, and 0.64, respectively. Predictions show that if agricultural or urban areas are established in wet or dry puna grasslands, the average number of occurrences multiplies. The multiplier factors are 2.1 and 7.08, the number of deaths by 2.8 and 10.49, the number of houses destroyed by 2.4 and 7.51, and the number of roads destroyed by 2.2 and 7.37, respectively. The study demonstrates that conserving high Andean grasslands significantly reduces landslides compared to urban or agricultural areas.
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spelling doaj-art-79ebe056cba44ec59a7684b54c13c2ae2025-08-20T02:49:05ZengUniversidad Nacional de TrujilloScientia Agropecuaria2077-99172306-67412024-09-01153333348https://doi.org/10.17268/sci.agropecu.2024.025Influence of high Andean grasslands on landslide reduction in PeruAlbert Franco Cerna-Cueva0https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7448-558XKatherin Lourdes Uriarte-Barraza1https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7450-5528Grecia Isabel Lobatón-Tarazona2https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8567-0606Wensty Saenz-Corrales3https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8160-5033Casiano Aguirre-Escalante4https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6109-4237Peter Coaguila-Rodriguez5https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2117-5240Manuel Reategui-Inga6https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5417-6509Escuela Profesional de Ingeniería Ambiental, Universidad Nacional Agraria de la Selva, Perú.Escuela Profesional de Ingeniería Ambiental, Universidad Nacional Agraria de la Selva, Perú.Escuela Profesional de Ingeniería Ambiental, Universidad Nacional Agraria de la Selva, Perú.Escuela Profesional de Ingeniería Ambiental, Universidad Nacional Agraria de la Selva, Perú.Escuela Profesional de Ingeniería en Recursos Naturales Renovables, Universidad Nacional Agraria de la Selva, Perú.Escuela Profesional de Ingeniería en Recursos Naturales Renovables, Universidad Nacional Agraria de la Selva, Perú.Escuela Profesional de Ingeniería Ambiental, Universidad Nacional Intercultural de la Selva Central Juan Santos Atahualpa, Perú.Agricultural and urban expansion has caused considerable degradation of ecosystems. In the case of Peruvian high Andean grasslands, it was reported that between 2000 and 2009, this ecosystem was reduced by 7%. The limited or no protection they receive is partly due to the fact that the benefits of ecosystem services are not widely known. This research aims to establish and predict the influence of high Andean grasslands on the annual occurrence of landslides. To do so, we identified occurrences of landslides, falls, huaycos, avalanches, and alluviums in high Andean grasslands. We also examined urban areas and agricultural zones of Peru for the period from 2003 to 2016. Subsequently, we extracted data on precipitation, temperature, slopes, soil types, and geographical variables. This data was used to train a machine learning model. The results show that 96% of landslides occurred in human-intervened areas, and only 4% in high Andean grasslands. Precipitation and slope thresholds for landslide occurrence are higher in high Andean grasslands compared to agricultural and urban areas. The best-performing machine learning models were linear regression, Gaussian processes, random forest, and support vector machine. They had coefficients of determination of R² = 0.80, 0.80, 0.66, and 0.64, respectively. Predictions show that if agricultural or urban areas are established in wet or dry puna grasslands, the average number of occurrences multiplies. The multiplier factors are 2.1 and 7.08, the number of deaths by 2.8 and 10.49, the number of houses destroyed by 2.4 and 7.51, and the number of roads destroyed by 2.2 and 7.37, respectively. The study demonstrates that conserving high Andean grasslands significantly reduces landslides compared to urban or agricultural areas.https://revistas.unitru.edu.pe/index.php/scientiaagrop/article/view/5415high andean grasslandslandslidemachine learningecosystem servicesclimate change
spellingShingle Albert Franco Cerna-Cueva
Katherin Lourdes Uriarte-Barraza
Grecia Isabel Lobatón-Tarazona
Wensty Saenz-Corrales
Casiano Aguirre-Escalante
Peter Coaguila-Rodriguez
Manuel Reategui-Inga
Influence of high Andean grasslands on landslide reduction in Peru
Scientia Agropecuaria
high andean grasslands
landslide
machine learning
ecosystem services
climate change
title Influence of high Andean grasslands on landslide reduction in Peru
title_full Influence of high Andean grasslands on landslide reduction in Peru
title_fullStr Influence of high Andean grasslands on landslide reduction in Peru
title_full_unstemmed Influence of high Andean grasslands on landslide reduction in Peru
title_short Influence of high Andean grasslands on landslide reduction in Peru
title_sort influence of high andean grasslands on landslide reduction in peru
topic high andean grasslands
landslide
machine learning
ecosystem services
climate change
url https://revistas.unitru.edu.pe/index.php/scientiaagrop/article/view/5415
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