Microstrip Configurations of Reflective-Mode Phase-Variation Permittivity Sensors Based on Weakly Coupled Step Impedance Resonators (SIR): An Analysis to the Light of Circuit Duality
This paper presents and experimentally validates various topologies of one-port reflective-mode phase-variation permittivity sensors based on weakly coupled step impedance resonators (SIRs), the sensing elements, implemented in microstrip technology. The differences between such topologies concern t...
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IEEE
2025-01-01
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| Online Access: | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/11002464/ |
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| author | Joaquim Borras-Sarsa Pau Casacuberta Paris Velez Lijuan Su Xavier Canalias Ferran Martin |
| author_facet | Joaquim Borras-Sarsa Pau Casacuberta Paris Velez Lijuan Su Xavier Canalias Ferran Martin |
| author_sort | Joaquim Borras-Sarsa |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This paper presents and experimentally validates various topologies of one-port reflective-mode phase-variation permittivity sensors based on weakly coupled step impedance resonators (SIRs), the sensing elements, implemented in microstrip technology. The differences between such topologies concern the specific configuration, either series or parallel, of the SIR driven by the feeding (harmonic) signal, and the type of coupling, either electric or magnetic, between the SIRs. Thus, four different sensor topologies result. These sensors are modeled by lumped element circuits that describe their behavior to a very good approximation and are useful to predict the sensitivity in the limit of small perturbations. It is shown that the models of one of the pairs of these four sensors are circuit duals, and such circuit duality applies also to the models of the other pair. In all cases, a high (maximum) sensitivity is achievable provided the coupling (either electric or magnetic) between the SIRs pair is weak. Since the sensing regions in the reported sensors are also small, the resulting figures of merit (FoM), or ratio between the maximum sensitivity and the area of the sensing region expressed in squared guided wavelengths, are very competitive. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-79a8016b40424707b0aa9749f155d079 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2169-3536 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | IEEE |
| record_format | Article |
| series | IEEE Access |
| spelling | doaj-art-79a8016b40424707b0aa9749f155d0792025-08-20T03:08:17ZengIEEEIEEE Access2169-35362025-01-0113858388585610.1109/ACCESS.2025.356945211002464Microstrip Configurations of Reflective-Mode Phase-Variation Permittivity Sensors Based on Weakly Coupled Step Impedance Resonators (SIR): An Analysis to the Light of Circuit DualityJoaquim Borras-Sarsa0https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0473-1462Pau Casacuberta1https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2658-2200Paris Velez2https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6502-5987Lijuan Su3https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4753-9340Xavier Canalias4https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6473-7514Ferran Martin5https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1494-9167CIMITEC, Departament d’Enginyeria Electrònica, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, SpainCIMITEC, Departament d’Enginyeria Electrònica, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, SpainCIMITEC, Departament d’Enginyeria Electrònica, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, SpainCIMITEC, Departament d’Enginyeria Electrònica, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, SpainCIMITEC, Departament d’Enginyeria Electrònica, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, SpainCIMITEC, Departament d’Enginyeria Electrònica, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, SpainThis paper presents and experimentally validates various topologies of one-port reflective-mode phase-variation permittivity sensors based on weakly coupled step impedance resonators (SIRs), the sensing elements, implemented in microstrip technology. The differences between such topologies concern the specific configuration, either series or parallel, of the SIR driven by the feeding (harmonic) signal, and the type of coupling, either electric or magnetic, between the SIRs. Thus, four different sensor topologies result. These sensors are modeled by lumped element circuits that describe their behavior to a very good approximation and are useful to predict the sensitivity in the limit of small perturbations. It is shown that the models of one of the pairs of these four sensors are circuit duals, and such circuit duality applies also to the models of the other pair. In all cases, a high (maximum) sensitivity is achievable provided the coupling (either electric or magnetic) between the SIRs pair is weak. Since the sensing regions in the reported sensors are also small, the resulting figures of merit (FoM), or ratio between the maximum sensitivity and the area of the sensing region expressed in squared guided wavelengths, are very competitive.https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/11002464/Circuit dualitycoupled resonatorsmicrostrip technologymicrowave sensorpermittivity sensorreflective-mode sensor |
| spellingShingle | Joaquim Borras-Sarsa Pau Casacuberta Paris Velez Lijuan Su Xavier Canalias Ferran Martin Microstrip Configurations of Reflective-Mode Phase-Variation Permittivity Sensors Based on Weakly Coupled Step Impedance Resonators (SIR): An Analysis to the Light of Circuit Duality IEEE Access Circuit duality coupled resonators microstrip technology microwave sensor permittivity sensor reflective-mode sensor |
| title | Microstrip Configurations of Reflective-Mode Phase-Variation Permittivity Sensors Based on Weakly Coupled Step Impedance Resonators (SIR): An Analysis to the Light of Circuit Duality |
| title_full | Microstrip Configurations of Reflective-Mode Phase-Variation Permittivity Sensors Based on Weakly Coupled Step Impedance Resonators (SIR): An Analysis to the Light of Circuit Duality |
| title_fullStr | Microstrip Configurations of Reflective-Mode Phase-Variation Permittivity Sensors Based on Weakly Coupled Step Impedance Resonators (SIR): An Analysis to the Light of Circuit Duality |
| title_full_unstemmed | Microstrip Configurations of Reflective-Mode Phase-Variation Permittivity Sensors Based on Weakly Coupled Step Impedance Resonators (SIR): An Analysis to the Light of Circuit Duality |
| title_short | Microstrip Configurations of Reflective-Mode Phase-Variation Permittivity Sensors Based on Weakly Coupled Step Impedance Resonators (SIR): An Analysis to the Light of Circuit Duality |
| title_sort | microstrip configurations of reflective mode phase variation permittivity sensors based on weakly coupled step impedance resonators sir an analysis to the light of circuit duality |
| topic | Circuit duality coupled resonators microstrip technology microwave sensor permittivity sensor reflective-mode sensor |
| url | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/11002464/ |
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