Removal of Malachite Green Dye from Aqueous Solution by a Novel Activated Carbon Prepared from Baobab Seeds Using Chemical Activation Method
Two activated carbons were synthesized from baobab seeds (BSs) using two activators, sulfuric acid (BS-AAC) and sodium hydroxide (BS-BAC), for dye removal from aqueous solutions. Malachite green (MG) was used as a model dye. SEM, FTIR, TGA, and surface area were used to characterize the feedstock an...
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2025-01-01
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| author | Samah Daffalla |
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| description | Two activated carbons were synthesized from baobab seeds (BSs) using two activators, sulfuric acid (BS-AAC) and sodium hydroxide (BS-BAC), for dye removal from aqueous solutions. Malachite green (MG) was used as a model dye. SEM, FTIR, TGA, and surface area were used to characterize the feedstock and synthesis activated carbons. According to the SEM results, the surface morphology differed significantly from that of the raw material due to the many pores created by activating agents during carbonization. Various surface groups existed on the activated carbon surface as shown by FTIR analysis. An oxidation process utilizing hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) was investigated for MG. Various reaction parameters such as pH value, H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> concentration, and activated carbon dosage were investigated for the oxidative degradation of MG. By using BS-AAC and BS-BAC, 97.9% and 78% dye degradation efficiency in aqueous solutions, respectively, was achieved under optimal conditions. This study reveals that MG dye degradation increases with solution pH, making BS-AAC and BS-BAC ineffective at low pH values. However, degradation declines above pH 6. Based on the BS-AAC data, MG removal kinetics were fitted with a first-order kinetic model, while BS-BAC data were fitted with a second-order kinetic model. It was demonstrated that activating baobab with sulfuric acid can form a novel activated carbon that can quickly remove MG from aqueous solutions. The results showed that the removal of malachite green was over 89% for AC-AAC and 77% for AC-BAC, even after four regeneration cycles. |
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| institution | Kabale University |
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| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-79852b97e90346aeb23668b112bfdc1e2025-01-24T13:43:56ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492025-01-0130240710.3390/molecules30020407Removal of Malachite Green Dye from Aqueous Solution by a Novel Activated Carbon Prepared from Baobab Seeds Using Chemical Activation MethodSamah Daffalla0Department of Environment and Agricultural Natural Resources, College of Agricultural and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi ArabiaTwo activated carbons were synthesized from baobab seeds (BSs) using two activators, sulfuric acid (BS-AAC) and sodium hydroxide (BS-BAC), for dye removal from aqueous solutions. Malachite green (MG) was used as a model dye. SEM, FTIR, TGA, and surface area were used to characterize the feedstock and synthesis activated carbons. According to the SEM results, the surface morphology differed significantly from that of the raw material due to the many pores created by activating agents during carbonization. Various surface groups existed on the activated carbon surface as shown by FTIR analysis. An oxidation process utilizing hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) was investigated for MG. Various reaction parameters such as pH value, H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> concentration, and activated carbon dosage were investigated for the oxidative degradation of MG. By using BS-AAC and BS-BAC, 97.9% and 78% dye degradation efficiency in aqueous solutions, respectively, was achieved under optimal conditions. This study reveals that MG dye degradation increases with solution pH, making BS-AAC and BS-BAC ineffective at low pH values. However, degradation declines above pH 6. Based on the BS-AAC data, MG removal kinetics were fitted with a first-order kinetic model, while BS-BAC data were fitted with a second-order kinetic model. It was demonstrated that activating baobab with sulfuric acid can form a novel activated carbon that can quickly remove MG from aqueous solutions. The results showed that the removal of malachite green was over 89% for AC-AAC and 77% for AC-BAC, even after four regeneration cycles.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/2/407malachite greenbaobab seedsactivated carbonchemical activationoxidation processregeneration studies |
| spellingShingle | Samah Daffalla Removal of Malachite Green Dye from Aqueous Solution by a Novel Activated Carbon Prepared from Baobab Seeds Using Chemical Activation Method Molecules malachite green baobab seeds activated carbon chemical activation oxidation process regeneration studies |
| title | Removal of Malachite Green Dye from Aqueous Solution by a Novel Activated Carbon Prepared from Baobab Seeds Using Chemical Activation Method |
| title_full | Removal of Malachite Green Dye from Aqueous Solution by a Novel Activated Carbon Prepared from Baobab Seeds Using Chemical Activation Method |
| title_fullStr | Removal of Malachite Green Dye from Aqueous Solution by a Novel Activated Carbon Prepared from Baobab Seeds Using Chemical Activation Method |
| title_full_unstemmed | Removal of Malachite Green Dye from Aqueous Solution by a Novel Activated Carbon Prepared from Baobab Seeds Using Chemical Activation Method |
| title_short | Removal of Malachite Green Dye from Aqueous Solution by a Novel Activated Carbon Prepared from Baobab Seeds Using Chemical Activation Method |
| title_sort | removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solution by a novel activated carbon prepared from baobab seeds using chemical activation method |
| topic | malachite green baobab seeds activated carbon chemical activation oxidation process regeneration studies |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/2/407 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT samahdaffalla removalofmalachitegreendyefromaqueoussolutionbyanovelactivatedcarbonpreparedfrombaobabseedsusingchemicalactivationmethod |