Effect of an Ultra-Diluted Complex on Health, Growth Performance, and Blood Parameters of Pre-Weaned Dairy Calves
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of an ultra-diluted complex on the health status, growth performance, and blood parameters of dairy calves during the preweaning phase in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. During a 75-period trial, thirty-four Holstein newborn calves at the second day...
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2025-02-01
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| author | Mellory M. Martins Thiago H. da Silva Andre S. V. Palma Bruna L. de Noronha Emanuel R. Lemos Iuli C. S. B. Guimarães Nara. R. B. Cônsolo Arlindo S. Netto |
| author_facet | Mellory M. Martins Thiago H. da Silva Andre S. V. Palma Bruna L. de Noronha Emanuel R. Lemos Iuli C. S. B. Guimarães Nara. R. B. Cônsolo Arlindo S. Netto |
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| description | This study aimed to evaluate the effects of an ultra-diluted complex on the health status, growth performance, and blood parameters of dairy calves during the preweaning phase in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. During a 75-period trial, thirty-four Holstein newborn calves at the second day of life were completely randomized individually into two treatments: (1) control (CON), oral saline supplementation (5 mL/d); and (2) oral supplementation with 5 mL/d of a ultra-diluted complex (UD): Sulfur: <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msup><mrow><mn>10</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>60</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> + Viola tricolor: <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msup><mrow><mn>10</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>14</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> + Caladium seguinum: <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msup><mrow><mn>10</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>30</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> + Zincum oxydatum: <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msup><mrow><mn>10</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>30</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> + Phosphorus: <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msup><mrow><mn>10</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>60</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> + Cardus marianus: <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msup><mrow><mn>10</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>60</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> + Colibacillinum: <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msup><mrow><mn>10</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>30</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> + Podophyllum: <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msup><mrow><mn>10</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>30</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> + Vehicle: alcohol. Free access to water and a starter was ensured during the trial period. Feed intake and fecal and health scores were monitored daily. Calves were weighed and measured weekly. Blood samples were collected at enrollment on the first day and every 21 days until the 75th day, 2 h after morning milk feeding, and tested for hematology, blood urea nitrogen, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, total protein albumin, globulin, and creatinine. At 70 days of age, calves were disbudded following the standard management practices of the farm. The inflammatory profile, including Immunoglobulin A, Immunoglobulin G, ceruloplasmin, transferrin, albumin, and haptoglobin, was quantified in serum samples. The ultra-diluted complex was ineffective in reducing the incidence of diseases, starter feed intake, daily weight gain, and body measurements and inflammatory profile. Blood parameters were also not affected. Thus, the ultra-diluted complex was inefficient in reducing the incidence of diseases and did not affect the performance and metabolites of pre-weaned Holstein calves. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-7979cbb040284bb68c3d6eea679022a5 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2306-7381 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Veterinary Sciences |
| spelling | doaj-art-7979cbb040284bb68c3d6eea679022a52025-08-20T02:45:38ZengMDPI AGVeterinary Sciences2306-73812025-02-0112212810.3390/vetsci12020128Effect of an Ultra-Diluted Complex on Health, Growth Performance, and Blood Parameters of Pre-Weaned Dairy CalvesMellory M. Martins0Thiago H. da Silva1Andre S. V. Palma2Bruna L. de Noronha3Emanuel R. Lemos4Iuli C. S. B. Guimarães5Nara. R. B. Cônsolo6Arlindo S. Netto7Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, BrazilDepartment of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, BrazilDepartment of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, BrazilDepartment of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, BrazilDepartment of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, BrazilDepartment of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, BrazilDepartment of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, BrazilDepartment of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, BrazilThis study aimed to evaluate the effects of an ultra-diluted complex on the health status, growth performance, and blood parameters of dairy calves during the preweaning phase in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. During a 75-period trial, thirty-four Holstein newborn calves at the second day of life were completely randomized individually into two treatments: (1) control (CON), oral saline supplementation (5 mL/d); and (2) oral supplementation with 5 mL/d of a ultra-diluted complex (UD): Sulfur: <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msup><mrow><mn>10</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>60</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> + Viola tricolor: <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msup><mrow><mn>10</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>14</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> + Caladium seguinum: <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msup><mrow><mn>10</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>30</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> + Zincum oxydatum: <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msup><mrow><mn>10</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>30</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> + Phosphorus: <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msup><mrow><mn>10</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>60</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> + Cardus marianus: <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msup><mrow><mn>10</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>60</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> + Colibacillinum: <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msup><mrow><mn>10</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>30</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> + Podophyllum: <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msup><mrow><mn>10</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>30</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> + Vehicle: alcohol. Free access to water and a starter was ensured during the trial period. Feed intake and fecal and health scores were monitored daily. Calves were weighed and measured weekly. Blood samples were collected at enrollment on the first day and every 21 days until the 75th day, 2 h after morning milk feeding, and tested for hematology, blood urea nitrogen, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, total protein albumin, globulin, and creatinine. At 70 days of age, calves were disbudded following the standard management practices of the farm. The inflammatory profile, including Immunoglobulin A, Immunoglobulin G, ceruloplasmin, transferrin, albumin, and haptoglobin, was quantified in serum samples. The ultra-diluted complex was ineffective in reducing the incidence of diseases, starter feed intake, daily weight gain, and body measurements and inflammatory profile. Blood parameters were also not affected. Thus, the ultra-diluted complex was inefficient in reducing the incidence of diseases and did not affect the performance and metabolites of pre-weaned Holstein calves.https://www.mdpi.com/2306-7381/12/2/128acute phase proteindairy calfhealthhomeopathyHolstein calves |
| spellingShingle | Mellory M. Martins Thiago H. da Silva Andre S. V. Palma Bruna L. de Noronha Emanuel R. Lemos Iuli C. S. B. Guimarães Nara. R. B. Cônsolo Arlindo S. Netto Effect of an Ultra-Diluted Complex on Health, Growth Performance, and Blood Parameters of Pre-Weaned Dairy Calves Veterinary Sciences acute phase protein dairy calf health homeopathy Holstein calves |
| title | Effect of an Ultra-Diluted Complex on Health, Growth Performance, and Blood Parameters of Pre-Weaned Dairy Calves |
| title_full | Effect of an Ultra-Diluted Complex on Health, Growth Performance, and Blood Parameters of Pre-Weaned Dairy Calves |
| title_fullStr | Effect of an Ultra-Diluted Complex on Health, Growth Performance, and Blood Parameters of Pre-Weaned Dairy Calves |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effect of an Ultra-Diluted Complex on Health, Growth Performance, and Blood Parameters of Pre-Weaned Dairy Calves |
| title_short | Effect of an Ultra-Diluted Complex on Health, Growth Performance, and Blood Parameters of Pre-Weaned Dairy Calves |
| title_sort | effect of an ultra diluted complex on health growth performance and blood parameters of pre weaned dairy calves |
| topic | acute phase protein dairy calf health homeopathy Holstein calves |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2306-7381/12/2/128 |
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