Numerical Simulation and Metal Fluidity Analysis of Refill Friction Stir Spot Welding Based on 6061 Aluminum Alloy

Simulation analysis is a key technical means for studying the internal metal flow patterns in refill friction stir spot welding zones. This study used DeformV11.0 software to establish an accurate and reliable numerical simulation model for 6061-T6 aluminum alloy refill friction stir spot welding. T...

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Main Authors: Di Jiang, Igor Kolupaev, Hongfeng Wang, Xiaole Ge
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-06-01
Series:Crystals
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/15/6/555
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author Di Jiang
Igor Kolupaev
Hongfeng Wang
Xiaole Ge
author_facet Di Jiang
Igor Kolupaev
Hongfeng Wang
Xiaole Ge
author_sort Di Jiang
collection DOAJ
description Simulation analysis is a key technical means for studying the internal metal flow patterns in refill friction stir spot welding zones. This study used DeformV11.0 software to establish an accurate and reliable numerical simulation model for 6061-T6 aluminum alloy refill friction stir spot welding. The microstructure of different stages during actual welding was obtained using the stop method, and combined with the simulation results, shows that the temperature in the spot welding zone is highest during the dwell stage, with a high degree of match between the temperature distribution and actual measurements. This stage is also crucial for affecting the refill process. The results indicate that the metal flow rate in the center of the spot welding zone is slow and the pressure is low, while the flow rate on both sides is fast, and the temperature and pressure are high. In addition, the metal in the weld zone flows plastically in a shear friction and in situ spinning manner, and the weld zone achieves connection in a form similar to “complete friction plug riveting”. A “spiral suction–refill injection layer stacking” model was established to describe the forming mechanism of refill friction stir spot welding.
format Article
id doaj-art-79379948811a4c2c8fd258c3ed760e88
institution Kabale University
issn 2073-4352
language English
publishDate 2025-06-01
publisher MDPI AG
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series Crystals
spelling doaj-art-79379948811a4c2c8fd258c3ed760e882025-08-20T03:24:39ZengMDPI AGCrystals2073-43522025-06-0115655510.3390/cryst15060555Numerical Simulation and Metal Fluidity Analysis of Refill Friction Stir Spot Welding Based on 6061 Aluminum AlloyDi Jiang0Igor Kolupaev1Hongfeng Wang2Xiaole Ge3College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Huangshan University, Huangshan 245061, ChinaDepartment of Materials Science, Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute, National Technical University, 61002 Kharkiv, UkraineCollege of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Huangshan University, Huangshan 245061, ChinaCollege of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Huangshan University, Huangshan 245061, ChinaSimulation analysis is a key technical means for studying the internal metal flow patterns in refill friction stir spot welding zones. This study used DeformV11.0 software to establish an accurate and reliable numerical simulation model for 6061-T6 aluminum alloy refill friction stir spot welding. The microstructure of different stages during actual welding was obtained using the stop method, and combined with the simulation results, shows that the temperature in the spot welding zone is highest during the dwell stage, with a high degree of match between the temperature distribution and actual measurements. This stage is also crucial for affecting the refill process. The results indicate that the metal flow rate in the center of the spot welding zone is slow and the pressure is low, while the flow rate on both sides is fast, and the temperature and pressure are high. In addition, the metal in the weld zone flows plastically in a shear friction and in situ spinning manner, and the weld zone achieves connection in a form similar to “complete friction plug riveting”. A “spiral suction–refill injection layer stacking” model was established to describe the forming mechanism of refill friction stir spot welding.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/15/6/555refill friction stir spot weldingnumerical simulation modelmicrostructureplastic flowformation mechanism
spellingShingle Di Jiang
Igor Kolupaev
Hongfeng Wang
Xiaole Ge
Numerical Simulation and Metal Fluidity Analysis of Refill Friction Stir Spot Welding Based on 6061 Aluminum Alloy
Crystals
refill friction stir spot welding
numerical simulation model
microstructure
plastic flow
formation mechanism
title Numerical Simulation and Metal Fluidity Analysis of Refill Friction Stir Spot Welding Based on 6061 Aluminum Alloy
title_full Numerical Simulation and Metal Fluidity Analysis of Refill Friction Stir Spot Welding Based on 6061 Aluminum Alloy
title_fullStr Numerical Simulation and Metal Fluidity Analysis of Refill Friction Stir Spot Welding Based on 6061 Aluminum Alloy
title_full_unstemmed Numerical Simulation and Metal Fluidity Analysis of Refill Friction Stir Spot Welding Based on 6061 Aluminum Alloy
title_short Numerical Simulation and Metal Fluidity Analysis of Refill Friction Stir Spot Welding Based on 6061 Aluminum Alloy
title_sort numerical simulation and metal fluidity analysis of refill friction stir spot welding based on 6061 aluminum alloy
topic refill friction stir spot welding
numerical simulation model
microstructure
plastic flow
formation mechanism
url https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/15/6/555
work_keys_str_mv AT dijiang numericalsimulationandmetalfluidityanalysisofrefillfrictionstirspotweldingbasedon6061aluminumalloy
AT igorkolupaev numericalsimulationandmetalfluidityanalysisofrefillfrictionstirspotweldingbasedon6061aluminumalloy
AT hongfengwang numericalsimulationandmetalfluidityanalysisofrefillfrictionstirspotweldingbasedon6061aluminumalloy
AT xiaolege numericalsimulationandmetalfluidityanalysisofrefillfrictionstirspotweldingbasedon6061aluminumalloy