Age-stratified analysis of the BMI-kidney stone relationship: findings from a national cross-sectional study
BackgroundThe association between body mass index (BMI) and kidney stone formation may vary across different age groups and follow nonlinear patterns.MethodsThis study analyzed data from NHANES 2009–2018, including 14,880 participants aged ≥20 years, to evaluate the association between BMI and the r...
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2025-02-01
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| author | Liuliu Zhou Wei Gu Yufeng Jiang Haimin Zhang |
| author_facet | Liuliu Zhou Wei Gu Yufeng Jiang Haimin Zhang |
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| description | BackgroundThe association between body mass index (BMI) and kidney stone formation may vary across different age groups and follow nonlinear patterns.MethodsThis study analyzed data from NHANES 2009–2018, including 14,880 participants aged ≥20 years, to evaluate the association between BMI and the risk of kidney stones. BMI was categorized as normal weight (<25.0 kg/m2), overweight (25.0–29.9 kg/m2), and obesity (≥30.0 kg/m2). Weighted logistic regression models were employed to adjust for multiple confounders, including sex, age, race/ethnicity, education level, smoking history, alcohol consumption, coronary heart disease, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and physical activity. Interaction effects between BMI and key variables such as sex, race/ethnicity and other factors were also analyzed. Age-stratified analyses were performed for the groups aged 20–39 years, 40–59 years, and ≥ 60 years. A restricted cubic spline model was used to explore the non-linear relationship between BMI and the risk of kidney stones.ResultsAfter adjusting for confounders, participants with a BMI ≥30 kg/m2 had a significantly higher risk of kidney stones compared to those with a BMI <25 kg/m2 (adjusted OR [aOR]: 1.86; 95% CI: 1.48–2.34; p < 0.001), with the association being most pronounced in the 40–59-year age group (aOR: 2.02; 95% CI: 1.36–3.02; p < 0.001). The interaction analysis did not reveal significant interactions between BMI and sex or other factors. Non-linear analysis indicated that the relationship between BMI and kidney stone risk differed across age groups. In the 40–59-year group, the risk of kidney stones peaked and then plateaued as BMI increased beyond a certain threshold. In the ≥60-year age group, risk initially increased with BMI but then slightly declined. This non-linear relationship suggests that the impact of BMI on kidney stone risk varies by age and should be considered in clinical strategies.ConclusionHigh BMI is significantly associated with an increased risk of kidney stones, particularly among middle-aged and older adults. The relationship between BMI and kidney stones is non-linear, highlighting the need to develop age-specific BMI management strategies to reduce the occurrence of kidney stones. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-78e1fb6f965146c5aa1b5e619dde2074 |
| institution | Kabale University |
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| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-02-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-78e1fb6f965146c5aa1b5e619dde20742025-02-12T07:26:32ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Medicine2296-858X2025-02-011210.3389/fmed.2025.15137991513799Age-stratified analysis of the BMI-kidney stone relationship: findings from a national cross-sectional studyLiuliu Zhou0Wei Gu1Yufeng Jiang2Haimin Zhang3Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, ChinaDepartment of Nursing, Chongming Branch, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, ChinaDepartment of Urology, Chongming Branch, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, ChinaDepartment of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, ChinaBackgroundThe association between body mass index (BMI) and kidney stone formation may vary across different age groups and follow nonlinear patterns.MethodsThis study analyzed data from NHANES 2009–2018, including 14,880 participants aged ≥20 years, to evaluate the association between BMI and the risk of kidney stones. BMI was categorized as normal weight (<25.0 kg/m2), overweight (25.0–29.9 kg/m2), and obesity (≥30.0 kg/m2). Weighted logistic regression models were employed to adjust for multiple confounders, including sex, age, race/ethnicity, education level, smoking history, alcohol consumption, coronary heart disease, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and physical activity. Interaction effects between BMI and key variables such as sex, race/ethnicity and other factors were also analyzed. Age-stratified analyses were performed for the groups aged 20–39 years, 40–59 years, and ≥ 60 years. A restricted cubic spline model was used to explore the non-linear relationship between BMI and the risk of kidney stones.ResultsAfter adjusting for confounders, participants with a BMI ≥30 kg/m2 had a significantly higher risk of kidney stones compared to those with a BMI <25 kg/m2 (adjusted OR [aOR]: 1.86; 95% CI: 1.48–2.34; p < 0.001), with the association being most pronounced in the 40–59-year age group (aOR: 2.02; 95% CI: 1.36–3.02; p < 0.001). The interaction analysis did not reveal significant interactions between BMI and sex or other factors. Non-linear analysis indicated that the relationship between BMI and kidney stone risk differed across age groups. In the 40–59-year group, the risk of kidney stones peaked and then plateaued as BMI increased beyond a certain threshold. In the ≥60-year age group, risk initially increased with BMI but then slightly declined. This non-linear relationship suggests that the impact of BMI on kidney stone risk varies by age and should be considered in clinical strategies.ConclusionHigh BMI is significantly associated with an increased risk of kidney stones, particularly among middle-aged and older adults. The relationship between BMI and kidney stones is non-linear, highlighting the need to develop age-specific BMI management strategies to reduce the occurrence of kidney stones.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmed.2025.1513799/fullbody mass indexkidney stonesage-stratified analysisobesitypublic healthNHANES |
| spellingShingle | Liuliu Zhou Wei Gu Yufeng Jiang Haimin Zhang Age-stratified analysis of the BMI-kidney stone relationship: findings from a national cross-sectional study Frontiers in Medicine body mass index kidney stones age-stratified analysis obesity public health NHANES |
| title | Age-stratified analysis of the BMI-kidney stone relationship: findings from a national cross-sectional study |
| title_full | Age-stratified analysis of the BMI-kidney stone relationship: findings from a national cross-sectional study |
| title_fullStr | Age-stratified analysis of the BMI-kidney stone relationship: findings from a national cross-sectional study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Age-stratified analysis of the BMI-kidney stone relationship: findings from a national cross-sectional study |
| title_short | Age-stratified analysis of the BMI-kidney stone relationship: findings from a national cross-sectional study |
| title_sort | age stratified analysis of the bmi kidney stone relationship findings from a national cross sectional study |
| topic | body mass index kidney stones age-stratified analysis obesity public health NHANES |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmed.2025.1513799/full |
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