Postural control of sway dynamics on an unstable surface reduces similarity in activation patterns of synergistic lower leg muscles

IntroductionDiversity of activation patterns within synergistic muscles can be important for stability control in challenging conditions. This study investigates the similarity of activation patterns within the triceps surae and quadriceps femoris muscles and the effects of unstable surface during a...

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Main Authors: Lida Mademli, Maria-Elissavet Nikolaidou, Sebastian Bohm, Adamantios Arampatzis
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Frontiers Media S.A. 2025-03-01
Series:Frontiers in Sports and Active Living
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Online Access:https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fspor.2025.1545813/full
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author Lida Mademli
Maria-Elissavet Nikolaidou
Sebastian Bohm
Sebastian Bohm
Adamantios Arampatzis
Adamantios Arampatzis
author_facet Lida Mademli
Maria-Elissavet Nikolaidou
Sebastian Bohm
Sebastian Bohm
Adamantios Arampatzis
Adamantios Arampatzis
author_sort Lida Mademli
collection DOAJ
description IntroductionDiversity of activation patterns within synergistic muscles can be important for stability control in challenging conditions. This study investigates the similarity of activation patterns within the triceps surae and quadriceps femoris muscles and the effects of unstable surface during a visually guided postural task.MethodsEighteen healthy adults performed a visually guided anteroposterior tracking task on both stable and unstable surfaces. Electromyographic activity of triceps surae (gastrocnemius medialis, gastrocnemius lateralis, soleus) and quadriceps femoris (vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, rectus femoris) was recorded at 1,000 Hz. Cosine similarity (CS) between muscle pairs within each muscle group was calculated to assess the similarity of activation patterns of synergistic muscles for stable and unstable conditions. To compare the CS of the muscle pairs, a linear mixed model was used. For all tests the level of significance was set to α = 0.05.ResultsAcross all surface conditions, CS values within the triceps surae muscles were lower than those of the quadriceps (p < 0.001), indicating a greater diversity in activation patterns of the distal muscles. The unstable surface reduced CS values for both muscle groups (p = 0.021). No significant interaction was observed between muscle pair and surface condition (p = 0.833).DiscussionThe reduced similarity of activation patterns within the synergistic triceps surae and quadriceps femoris muscles on the soft surface indicates an increased flexibility of neuromotor control for the unstable condition. The lower similarity within the synergistic triceps surae muscles suggests a higher diversity of activation patterns compared to the quadriceps femoris muscles, which may increase the flexibility of neuromotor control to meet specific joint stabilization challenges during the studied tracking task.
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spelling doaj-art-78b8b97a12d9470ab8a2e6008abbe3432025-08-20T02:56:48ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Sports and Active Living2624-93672025-03-01710.3389/fspor.2025.15458131545813Postural control of sway dynamics on an unstable surface reduces similarity in activation patterns of synergistic lower leg musclesLida Mademli0Maria-Elissavet Nikolaidou1Sebastian Bohm2Sebastian Bohm3Adamantios Arampatzis4Adamantios Arampatzis5Laboratory of Adapted Physical Education, School of Physical Education and Sport Science (Serres), Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, GreeceSports Biomechanics Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, GreeceDepartment of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, GermanyBerlin School of Movement Science, Berlin, GermanyDepartment of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, GermanyBerlin School of Movement Science, Berlin, GermanyIntroductionDiversity of activation patterns within synergistic muscles can be important for stability control in challenging conditions. This study investigates the similarity of activation patterns within the triceps surae and quadriceps femoris muscles and the effects of unstable surface during a visually guided postural task.MethodsEighteen healthy adults performed a visually guided anteroposterior tracking task on both stable and unstable surfaces. Electromyographic activity of triceps surae (gastrocnemius medialis, gastrocnemius lateralis, soleus) and quadriceps femoris (vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, rectus femoris) was recorded at 1,000 Hz. Cosine similarity (CS) between muscle pairs within each muscle group was calculated to assess the similarity of activation patterns of synergistic muscles for stable and unstable conditions. To compare the CS of the muscle pairs, a linear mixed model was used. For all tests the level of significance was set to α = 0.05.ResultsAcross all surface conditions, CS values within the triceps surae muscles were lower than those of the quadriceps (p < 0.001), indicating a greater diversity in activation patterns of the distal muscles. The unstable surface reduced CS values for both muscle groups (p = 0.021). No significant interaction was observed between muscle pair and surface condition (p = 0.833).DiscussionThe reduced similarity of activation patterns within the synergistic triceps surae and quadriceps femoris muscles on the soft surface indicates an increased flexibility of neuromotor control for the unstable condition. The lower similarity within the synergistic triceps surae muscles suggests a higher diversity of activation patterns compared to the quadriceps femoris muscles, which may increase the flexibility of neuromotor control to meet specific joint stabilization challenges during the studied tracking task.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fspor.2025.1545813/fulltriceps surae musclequadriceps femoris musclebalance controldiversity of activation pattensflexibility of neuromotor control
spellingShingle Lida Mademli
Maria-Elissavet Nikolaidou
Sebastian Bohm
Sebastian Bohm
Adamantios Arampatzis
Adamantios Arampatzis
Postural control of sway dynamics on an unstable surface reduces similarity in activation patterns of synergistic lower leg muscles
Frontiers in Sports and Active Living
triceps surae muscle
quadriceps femoris muscle
balance control
diversity of activation pattens
flexibility of neuromotor control
title Postural control of sway dynamics on an unstable surface reduces similarity in activation patterns of synergistic lower leg muscles
title_full Postural control of sway dynamics on an unstable surface reduces similarity in activation patterns of synergistic lower leg muscles
title_fullStr Postural control of sway dynamics on an unstable surface reduces similarity in activation patterns of synergistic lower leg muscles
title_full_unstemmed Postural control of sway dynamics on an unstable surface reduces similarity in activation patterns of synergistic lower leg muscles
title_short Postural control of sway dynamics on an unstable surface reduces similarity in activation patterns of synergistic lower leg muscles
title_sort postural control of sway dynamics on an unstable surface reduces similarity in activation patterns of synergistic lower leg muscles
topic triceps surae muscle
quadriceps femoris muscle
balance control
diversity of activation pattens
flexibility of neuromotor control
url https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fspor.2025.1545813/full
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