Vehicle to Grid: Technology, Charging Station, Power Transmission, Communication Standards, Techno-Economic Analysis, Challenges, and Recommendations
Electric vehicles (EVs) must be used as the primary mode of transportation as part of the gradual transition to more environmentally friendly clean energy technology and cleaner power sources. Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology has the potential to improve electricity demand, control load variability,...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2025-03-01
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| Series: | World Electric Vehicle Journal |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2032-6653/16/3/142 |
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| author | Parag Biswas Abdur Rashid A. K. M. Ahasan Habib Md Mahmud S. M. A. Motakabber Sagar Hossain Md. Rokonuzzaman Altaf Hossain Molla Zambri Harun Md Munir Hayet Khan Wan-Hee Cheng Thomas M. T. Lei |
| author_facet | Parag Biswas Abdur Rashid A. K. M. Ahasan Habib Md Mahmud S. M. A. Motakabber Sagar Hossain Md. Rokonuzzaman Altaf Hossain Molla Zambri Harun Md Munir Hayet Khan Wan-Hee Cheng Thomas M. T. Lei |
| author_sort | Parag Biswas |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Electric vehicles (EVs) must be used as the primary mode of transportation as part of the gradual transition to more environmentally friendly clean energy technology and cleaner power sources. Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology has the potential to improve electricity demand, control load variability, and improve the sustainability of smart grids. The operation and principles of V2G and its varieties, the present classifications and types of EVs sold on the market, applicable policies for V2G and business strategy, implementation challenges, and current problem-solving techniques have not been thoroughly examined. This paper exposes the research gap in the V2G area and more accurately portrays the present difficulties and future potential in V2G deployment globally. The investigation starts by discussing the advantages of the V2G system and the necessary regulations and commercial representations implemented in the last decade, followed by a description of the V2G technology, charging communication standards, issues related to V2G and EV batteries, and potential solutions. A few major issues were brought to light by this investigation, including the lack of a transparent business model for V2G, the absence of stakeholder involvement and government subsidies, the excessive strain that V2G places on EV batteries, the lack of adequate bidirectional charging and standards, the introduction of harmonic voltage and current into the grid, and the potential for unethical and unscheduled V2G practices. The results of recent studies and publications from international organizations were altered to offer potential answers to these research constraints and, in some cases, to highlight the need for further investigation. V2G holds enormous potential, but the plan first needs a lot of financing, teamwork, and technological development. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-789b54d80db944ef98e00d59ea6ea7e5 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2032-6653 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | World Electric Vehicle Journal |
| spelling | doaj-art-789b54d80db944ef98e00d59ea6ea7e52025-08-20T01:50:02ZengMDPI AGWorld Electric Vehicle Journal2032-66532025-03-0116314210.3390/wevj16030142Vehicle to Grid: Technology, Charging Station, Power Transmission, Communication Standards, Techno-Economic Analysis, Challenges, and RecommendationsParag Biswas0Abdur Rashid1A. K. M. Ahasan Habib2Md Mahmud3S. M. A. Motakabber4Sagar Hossain5Md. Rokonuzzaman6Altaf Hossain Molla7Zambri Harun8Md Munir Hayet Khan9Wan-Hee Cheng10Thomas M. T. Lei11Department of Engineering Management, Westcliff University, 17877 Von Karman Ave 4th floor, Irvine, CA 92614, USADepartment of Engineering Management, Westcliff University, 17877 Von Karman Ave 4th floor, Irvine, CA 92614, USANorth Garth Institute of Technology, Masterpara, Babukha, Rangpur Sadar, Rangpur 5400, BangladeshNorth Garth Institute of Technology, Masterpara, Babukha, Rangpur Sadar, Rangpur 5400, BangladeshDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 53100, MalaysiaNorth Garth Institute of Technology, Masterpara, Babukha, Rangpur Sadar, Rangpur 5400, BangladeshSchool of Engineering and Advanced Engineering Platform, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya 47500, MalaysiaDepartment of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, MalaysiaDepartment of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, MalaysiaFaculty of Engineering & Quantity Surveying (FEQS), INTI International University (INTI-IU), Persiaran Perdana BBN, Nilai 71800, MalaysiaFaculty of Health and Life Sciences, INTI International University, Persiaran Perdana BBN, Putra Nilai, Nilai 71800, MalaysiaInstitute of Science and Environment, University of Saint Joseph, Macau, ChinaElectric vehicles (EVs) must be used as the primary mode of transportation as part of the gradual transition to more environmentally friendly clean energy technology and cleaner power sources. Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology has the potential to improve electricity demand, control load variability, and improve the sustainability of smart grids. The operation and principles of V2G and its varieties, the present classifications and types of EVs sold on the market, applicable policies for V2G and business strategy, implementation challenges, and current problem-solving techniques have not been thoroughly examined. This paper exposes the research gap in the V2G area and more accurately portrays the present difficulties and future potential in V2G deployment globally. The investigation starts by discussing the advantages of the V2G system and the necessary regulations and commercial representations implemented in the last decade, followed by a description of the V2G technology, charging communication standards, issues related to V2G and EV batteries, and potential solutions. A few major issues were brought to light by this investigation, including the lack of a transparent business model for V2G, the absence of stakeholder involvement and government subsidies, the excessive strain that V2G places on EV batteries, the lack of adequate bidirectional charging and standards, the introduction of harmonic voltage and current into the grid, and the potential for unethical and unscheduled V2G practices. The results of recent studies and publications from international organizations were altered to offer potential answers to these research constraints and, in some cases, to highlight the need for further investigation. V2G holds enormous potential, but the plan first needs a lot of financing, teamwork, and technological development.https://www.mdpi.com/2032-6653/16/3/142electric vehiclesvehicle to gridcharging communication standardsdistributed generationsmart gridclean energy technology |
| spellingShingle | Parag Biswas Abdur Rashid A. K. M. Ahasan Habib Md Mahmud S. M. A. Motakabber Sagar Hossain Md. Rokonuzzaman Altaf Hossain Molla Zambri Harun Md Munir Hayet Khan Wan-Hee Cheng Thomas M. T. Lei Vehicle to Grid: Technology, Charging Station, Power Transmission, Communication Standards, Techno-Economic Analysis, Challenges, and Recommendations World Electric Vehicle Journal electric vehicles vehicle to grid charging communication standards distributed generation smart grid clean energy technology |
| title | Vehicle to Grid: Technology, Charging Station, Power Transmission, Communication Standards, Techno-Economic Analysis, Challenges, and Recommendations |
| title_full | Vehicle to Grid: Technology, Charging Station, Power Transmission, Communication Standards, Techno-Economic Analysis, Challenges, and Recommendations |
| title_fullStr | Vehicle to Grid: Technology, Charging Station, Power Transmission, Communication Standards, Techno-Economic Analysis, Challenges, and Recommendations |
| title_full_unstemmed | Vehicle to Grid: Technology, Charging Station, Power Transmission, Communication Standards, Techno-Economic Analysis, Challenges, and Recommendations |
| title_short | Vehicle to Grid: Technology, Charging Station, Power Transmission, Communication Standards, Techno-Economic Analysis, Challenges, and Recommendations |
| title_sort | vehicle to grid technology charging station power transmission communication standards techno economic analysis challenges and recommendations |
| topic | electric vehicles vehicle to grid charging communication standards distributed generation smart grid clean energy technology |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2032-6653/16/3/142 |
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