Screening Evaporative Dry Eyes Severity Using an Infrared Image
Background. Dry eye disease (DED) is a multifactorial and one of the most common problems treated in an ophthalmic outpatient clinic. Due to the variability in presentation, diagnosis of DED consists of a combination of subjective and objective clinical tests. The purpose of this study was to assess...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Wiley
2021-01-01
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| Series: | Journal of Ophthalmology |
| Online Access: | http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8396503 |
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| author | Qing Zhang Yi Wu Yilin Song Guanghao Qin Lanting Yang Sumeet Singh Talwar Tiezhu Lin Gagan Deep Singh Talwar Hongda Zhang Ling Xu Jonathan E Moore Emmanuel Eric Pazo Wei He |
| author_facet | Qing Zhang Yi Wu Yilin Song Guanghao Qin Lanting Yang Sumeet Singh Talwar Tiezhu Lin Gagan Deep Singh Talwar Hongda Zhang Ling Xu Jonathan E Moore Emmanuel Eric Pazo Wei He |
| author_sort | Qing Zhang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background. Dry eye disease (DED) is a multifactorial and one of the most common problems treated in an ophthalmic outpatient clinic. Due to the variability in presentation, diagnosis of DED consists of a combination of subjective and objective clinical tests. The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of a handheld smartphone-based infrared thermal (IRT) camera for screening symptomatic evaporative DED. Methods. This observational sex-matched control study assessed IRT images of 184 right eyes (46 normal and 138 DED) of 184 participants. Evaporative DED was assessed using noninvasive tear breakup time, fluorescein staining, and the Chinese version of the ocular surface disease index (C-OSDI) questionnaire and categorized into their respective dry eye symptomology group (none, mild, moderate, or severe). The ocular surface temperature (OST) at 8 anatomical regions of interest (ROI) (nasal conjunctiva, nasal limbus, nasal cornea, central cornea, inferior cornea, temporal limbus, temporal cornea, and temporal conjunctiva) were measured and compared using a handheld smartphone-based IRT camera. The effectiveness of these 8 ROIs OST in detecting varying severity of DED was evaluated in terms of correlations with severity of DED and their area under the curve (AUC). Results. OST at the 8 anatomical ROI was significantly higher in DED participants than in the non-DED group (p<0.05) except for inferior cornea, temporal limbus, and temporal conjunctival regions (>0.05). Analyzing 8 anatomical ROIs revealed that the nasal limbus had the highest Pearson correlation with the severity of DED (0.64, p<0.001). Additionally, the nasal limbus ROI achieved the highest AUC of 0.79 (CI: 0.73–0.85; p<0.05), sensitivity, and specificity (0.96 and 0.91) when comparing its ability to discriminated DED vs. non-DED eyes. Conclusions. Rather than a diagnostic tool, handheld smartphone-based IRT images can be considered as a rapid, noninvasive, and hygienic screening tool in discriminating DED and non-DED and potentially alleviating inconvenience experienced during conventional tests. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-787175863f6d41cd9c5636665faba728 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2090-004X 2090-0058 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2021-01-01 |
| publisher | Wiley |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Ophthalmology |
| spelling | doaj-art-787175863f6d41cd9c5636665faba7282025-02-03T01:27:05ZengWileyJournal of Ophthalmology2090-004X2090-00582021-01-01202110.1155/2021/83965038396503Screening Evaporative Dry Eyes Severity Using an Infrared ImageQing Zhang0Yi Wu1Yilin Song2Guanghao Qin3Lanting Yang4Sumeet Singh Talwar5Tiezhu Lin6Gagan Deep Singh Talwar7Hongda Zhang8Ling Xu9Jonathan E Moore10Emmanuel Eric Pazo11Wei He12He Eye Specialist Hospital, No. 128 North Huanghe Street, Shenyang, ChinaHe Eye Specialist Hospital, No. 128 North Huanghe Street, Shenyang, ChinaHe Eye Specialist Hospital, No. 128 North Huanghe Street, Shenyang, ChinaHe Eye Specialist Hospital, No. 128 North Huanghe Street, Shenyang, ChinaHe Eye Specialist Hospital, No. 128 North Huanghe Street, Shenyang, ChinaTianjin Medical University, Tianjin, ChinaHe Eye Specialist Hospital, No. 128 North Huanghe Street, Shenyang, ChinaTianjin Medical University, Tianjin, ChinaHe Eye Specialist Hospital, No. 128 North Huanghe Street, Shenyang, ChinaHe Eye Specialist Hospital, No. 128 North Huanghe Street, Shenyang, ChinaCathedral Eye Clinic, 89–91 Academy Street, Belfast, UKHe Eye Specialist Hospital, No. 128 North Huanghe Street, Shenyang, ChinaHe Eye Specialist Hospital, No. 128 North Huanghe Street, Shenyang, ChinaBackground. Dry eye disease (DED) is a multifactorial and one of the most common problems treated in an ophthalmic outpatient clinic. Due to the variability in presentation, diagnosis of DED consists of a combination of subjective and objective clinical tests. The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of a handheld smartphone-based infrared thermal (IRT) camera for screening symptomatic evaporative DED. Methods. This observational sex-matched control study assessed IRT images of 184 right eyes (46 normal and 138 DED) of 184 participants. Evaporative DED was assessed using noninvasive tear breakup time, fluorescein staining, and the Chinese version of the ocular surface disease index (C-OSDI) questionnaire and categorized into their respective dry eye symptomology group (none, mild, moderate, or severe). The ocular surface temperature (OST) at 8 anatomical regions of interest (ROI) (nasal conjunctiva, nasal limbus, nasal cornea, central cornea, inferior cornea, temporal limbus, temporal cornea, and temporal conjunctiva) were measured and compared using a handheld smartphone-based IRT camera. The effectiveness of these 8 ROIs OST in detecting varying severity of DED was evaluated in terms of correlations with severity of DED and their area under the curve (AUC). Results. OST at the 8 anatomical ROI was significantly higher in DED participants than in the non-DED group (p<0.05) except for inferior cornea, temporal limbus, and temporal conjunctival regions (>0.05). Analyzing 8 anatomical ROIs revealed that the nasal limbus had the highest Pearson correlation with the severity of DED (0.64, p<0.001). Additionally, the nasal limbus ROI achieved the highest AUC of 0.79 (CI: 0.73–0.85; p<0.05), sensitivity, and specificity (0.96 and 0.91) when comparing its ability to discriminated DED vs. non-DED eyes. Conclusions. Rather than a diagnostic tool, handheld smartphone-based IRT images can be considered as a rapid, noninvasive, and hygienic screening tool in discriminating DED and non-DED and potentially alleviating inconvenience experienced during conventional tests.http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8396503 |
| spellingShingle | Qing Zhang Yi Wu Yilin Song Guanghao Qin Lanting Yang Sumeet Singh Talwar Tiezhu Lin Gagan Deep Singh Talwar Hongda Zhang Ling Xu Jonathan E Moore Emmanuel Eric Pazo Wei He Screening Evaporative Dry Eyes Severity Using an Infrared Image Journal of Ophthalmology |
| title | Screening Evaporative Dry Eyes Severity Using an Infrared Image |
| title_full | Screening Evaporative Dry Eyes Severity Using an Infrared Image |
| title_fullStr | Screening Evaporative Dry Eyes Severity Using an Infrared Image |
| title_full_unstemmed | Screening Evaporative Dry Eyes Severity Using an Infrared Image |
| title_short | Screening Evaporative Dry Eyes Severity Using an Infrared Image |
| title_sort | screening evaporative dry eyes severity using an infrared image |
| url | http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8396503 |
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