Three-axis flexible tube sensor with LSTM-based force prediction for alignment of electric vehicle charging ports
This paper introduces a novel three-axis flexible tube sensor designed for force measurement in electric vehicle (EV) charging port alignment, utilizing long short-term memory (LSTM) networks. The research aims to develop and validate a flexible and accurate sensor system capable of predicting multi...
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Indonesian Institute of Sciences
2024-12-01
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| Series: | Journal of Mechatronics, Electrical Power, and Vehicular Technology |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://mev.brin.go.id/mev/article/view/1104 |
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| author | Hendri Maja Saputra Ahmad Pahrurrozi Catur Hilman Adritya Haryo Bhakti Baskoro Nur Safwati Mohd Nor Nanang Ismail Estiko Rijanto Edwar Yazid Mohd Zarhamdy Md Zain Intan Zaurah Mat Darus |
| author_facet | Hendri Maja Saputra Ahmad Pahrurrozi Catur Hilman Adritya Haryo Bhakti Baskoro Nur Safwati Mohd Nor Nanang Ismail Estiko Rijanto Edwar Yazid Mohd Zarhamdy Md Zain Intan Zaurah Mat Darus |
| author_sort | Hendri Maja Saputra |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This paper introduces a novel three-axis flexible tube sensor designed for force measurement in electric vehicle (EV) charging port alignment, utilizing long short-term memory (LSTM) networks. The research aims to develop and validate a flexible and accurate sensor system capable of predicting multi-axis forces during alignment. The sensor integrates a magnetic sensor at the center of a flexible tube to capture three-dimensional (3-D) magnetic field variations corresponding to force changes. Fabricated using thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) via 3-D printing technology, the sensor leverages machine learning to predict force values along the , , and axes ( , , ). Finite element method (FEM) analysis was conducted to assess the deflection characteristics of the flexible tube under various force conditions. Experimental results demonstrate that integrating LSTM significantly enhances the accuracy of force prediction, achieving an R² score exceeding 97 % for all axes, with mean squared error (MSE) values of 0.2819 for the -axis, 0.3567 for the -axis, and 2.8086 for the -axis. The sensor is capable of measuring forces up to 30 N without exceeding its elastic limits. These findings highlight the sensor’s potential for improving alignment accuracy and reliability in automated EV charging systems. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-785eb4241d3c458ab7ccfd987e2c3a39 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2087-3379 2088-6985 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
| publisher | Indonesian Institute of Sciences |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Mechatronics, Electrical Power, and Vehicular Technology |
| spelling | doaj-art-785eb4241d3c458ab7ccfd987e2c3a392025-08-20T03:13:00ZengIndonesian Institute of SciencesJournal of Mechatronics, Electrical Power, and Vehicular Technology2087-33792088-69852024-12-0115220821910.55981/j.mev.2024.1104361Three-axis flexible tube sensor with LSTM-based force prediction for alignment of electric vehicle charging portsHendri Maja Saputra0Ahmad Pahrurrozi1Catur Hilman Adritya Haryo Bhakti Baskoro2Nur Safwati Mohd Nor3Nanang Ismail4Estiko Rijanto5Edwar Yazid6Mohd Zarhamdy Md Zain7Intan Zaurah Mat Darus8-Research Center for Smart Mechatronics, National Research and Innovation Agency - BRIN -Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia - UTMUIN Sunan Gunung DjatiResearch Center for Smart Mechatronics, National Research and Innovation Agency - BRINFaculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia - UTMUIN Sunan Gunung DjatiResearch Center for Smart Mechatronics, National Research and Innovation Agency - BRINResearch Center for Smart Mechatronics, National Research and Innovation Agency - BRINUniversiti Teknologi Malaysia - UTMUniversiti Teknologi Malaysia - UTMThis paper introduces a novel three-axis flexible tube sensor designed for force measurement in electric vehicle (EV) charging port alignment, utilizing long short-term memory (LSTM) networks. The research aims to develop and validate a flexible and accurate sensor system capable of predicting multi-axis forces during alignment. The sensor integrates a magnetic sensor at the center of a flexible tube to capture three-dimensional (3-D) magnetic field variations corresponding to force changes. Fabricated using thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) via 3-D printing technology, the sensor leverages machine learning to predict force values along the , , and axes ( , , ). Finite element method (FEM) analysis was conducted to assess the deflection characteristics of the flexible tube under various force conditions. Experimental results demonstrate that integrating LSTM significantly enhances the accuracy of force prediction, achieving an R² score exceeding 97 % for all axes, with mean squared error (MSE) values of 0.2819 for the -axis, 0.3567 for the -axis, and 2.8086 for the -axis. The sensor is capable of measuring forces up to 30 N without exceeding its elastic limits. These findings highlight the sensor’s potential for improving alignment accuracy and reliability in automated EV charging systems.https://mev.brin.go.id/mev/article/view/1104finite element method (fem) analysisflexible tube sensorforce measurementlong short-term memory (lstm) neural networkthree-axis force prediction. |
| spellingShingle | Hendri Maja Saputra Ahmad Pahrurrozi Catur Hilman Adritya Haryo Bhakti Baskoro Nur Safwati Mohd Nor Nanang Ismail Estiko Rijanto Edwar Yazid Mohd Zarhamdy Md Zain Intan Zaurah Mat Darus Three-axis flexible tube sensor with LSTM-based force prediction for alignment of electric vehicle charging ports Journal of Mechatronics, Electrical Power, and Vehicular Technology finite element method (fem) analysis flexible tube sensor force measurement long short-term memory (lstm) neural network three-axis force prediction. |
| title | Three-axis flexible tube sensor with LSTM-based force prediction for alignment of electric vehicle charging ports |
| title_full | Three-axis flexible tube sensor with LSTM-based force prediction for alignment of electric vehicle charging ports |
| title_fullStr | Three-axis flexible tube sensor with LSTM-based force prediction for alignment of electric vehicle charging ports |
| title_full_unstemmed | Three-axis flexible tube sensor with LSTM-based force prediction for alignment of electric vehicle charging ports |
| title_short | Three-axis flexible tube sensor with LSTM-based force prediction for alignment of electric vehicle charging ports |
| title_sort | three axis flexible tube sensor with lstm based force prediction for alignment of electric vehicle charging ports |
| topic | finite element method (fem) analysis flexible tube sensor force measurement long short-term memory (lstm) neural network three-axis force prediction. |
| url | https://mev.brin.go.id/mev/article/view/1104 |
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