Concentrations, composition profiles, and in vitro–in silico-based mixture risk assessment of bisphenol A and its analogs in plant-based foods
The substitution of bisphenol A (BPA) with structurally similar analogs has raised concerns due to their comparable estrogenic activities. Considering the high consumption of plant-based foods, assessing the risks posed by bisphenols (BPs) in such dietary sources is essential. However, limited expos...
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Elsevier
2025-01-01
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| Series: | Environment International |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016041202400816X |
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| author | Chun-Hui Chiu Shih-Han Sun Yun-Jia Yao Yi Chuang Yu-Tsung Lee Yi-Jun Lin |
| author_facet | Chun-Hui Chiu Shih-Han Sun Yun-Jia Yao Yi Chuang Yu-Tsung Lee Yi-Jun Lin |
| author_sort | Chun-Hui Chiu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The substitution of bisphenol A (BPA) with structurally similar analogs has raised concerns due to their comparable estrogenic activities. Considering the high consumption of plant-based foods, assessing the risks posed by bisphenols (BPs) in such dietary sources is essential. However, limited exposure and animal toxicological data on BP analogs hinder comprehensive risk assessments. This study investigated 16 BPs in 23 plant-based foods from Taiwan and estimated their dietary exposure across age groups. High-throughput toxicokinetic modeling was used to convert in vitro ToxCast estrogen receptor (ER) bioactive concentrations into human-equivalent points of departure (PODs), which were compared to PODs derived from animal studies and applied to assess mixture risks through the margin of exposure based on the common ER pathway. In total, 7 BPs were detected, and most samples (85.9 %) contained detectable concentrations. Total concentrations of the 7 BPs (∑7BP) ranged from 0.06 ± 0.11 ng/g to 26.60 ± 72.18 ng/g, with BPA being the most predominant (63 % of the mean ∑7BP concentrations), followed by bisphenol S (19 %) and 4,4-bisphenol F (13 %). In vitro–in silico-derived PODs were comparable to or even more protective than in vivo animal-derived PODs. For most population groups, combined exposure to multiple BPs from plant-based foods is generally not a risk concern for ER pathway perturbation, although potential concerns in worst-case scenarios cannot be excluded. This study advances the understanding of the dietary risks associated with BP mixtures and illustrates the potential of in vitro–in silico approaches for assessing human health risks from environmental contaminants. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-780538dbec2942d38e9fff438be215cd |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 0160-4120 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Environment International |
| spelling | doaj-art-780538dbec2942d38e9fff438be215cd2025-01-24T04:44:08ZengElsevierEnvironment International0160-41202025-01-01195109229Concentrations, composition profiles, and in vitro–in silico-based mixture risk assessment of bisphenol A and its analogs in plant-based foodsChun-Hui Chiu0Shih-Han Sun1Yun-Jia Yao2Yi Chuang3Yu-Tsung Lee4Yi-Jun Lin5Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, TaiwanInstitute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, TaiwanInstitute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County 350, TaiwanInstitute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, TaiwanResearch Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333, TaiwanInstitute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan; Corresponding author at: Institute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan.The substitution of bisphenol A (BPA) with structurally similar analogs has raised concerns due to their comparable estrogenic activities. Considering the high consumption of plant-based foods, assessing the risks posed by bisphenols (BPs) in such dietary sources is essential. However, limited exposure and animal toxicological data on BP analogs hinder comprehensive risk assessments. This study investigated 16 BPs in 23 plant-based foods from Taiwan and estimated their dietary exposure across age groups. High-throughput toxicokinetic modeling was used to convert in vitro ToxCast estrogen receptor (ER) bioactive concentrations into human-equivalent points of departure (PODs), which were compared to PODs derived from animal studies and applied to assess mixture risks through the margin of exposure based on the common ER pathway. In total, 7 BPs were detected, and most samples (85.9 %) contained detectable concentrations. Total concentrations of the 7 BPs (∑7BP) ranged from 0.06 ± 0.11 ng/g to 26.60 ± 72.18 ng/g, with BPA being the most predominant (63 % of the mean ∑7BP concentrations), followed by bisphenol S (19 %) and 4,4-bisphenol F (13 %). In vitro–in silico-derived PODs were comparable to or even more protective than in vivo animal-derived PODs. For most population groups, combined exposure to multiple BPs from plant-based foods is generally not a risk concern for ER pathway perturbation, although potential concerns in worst-case scenarios cannot be excluded. This study advances the understanding of the dietary risks associated with BP mixtures and illustrates the potential of in vitro–in silico approaches for assessing human health risks from environmental contaminants.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016041202400816XBisphenol analogsPlant-based foodsToxCastEstrogen receptorHigh-throughput toxicokineticMixture risk assessment |
| spellingShingle | Chun-Hui Chiu Shih-Han Sun Yun-Jia Yao Yi Chuang Yu-Tsung Lee Yi-Jun Lin Concentrations, composition profiles, and in vitro–in silico-based mixture risk assessment of bisphenol A and its analogs in plant-based foods Environment International Bisphenol analogs Plant-based foods ToxCast Estrogen receptor High-throughput toxicokinetic Mixture risk assessment |
| title | Concentrations, composition profiles, and in vitro–in silico-based mixture risk assessment of bisphenol A and its analogs in plant-based foods |
| title_full | Concentrations, composition profiles, and in vitro–in silico-based mixture risk assessment of bisphenol A and its analogs in plant-based foods |
| title_fullStr | Concentrations, composition profiles, and in vitro–in silico-based mixture risk assessment of bisphenol A and its analogs in plant-based foods |
| title_full_unstemmed | Concentrations, composition profiles, and in vitro–in silico-based mixture risk assessment of bisphenol A and its analogs in plant-based foods |
| title_short | Concentrations, composition profiles, and in vitro–in silico-based mixture risk assessment of bisphenol A and its analogs in plant-based foods |
| title_sort | concentrations composition profiles and in vitro in silico based mixture risk assessment of bisphenol a and its analogs in plant based foods |
| topic | Bisphenol analogs Plant-based foods ToxCast Estrogen receptor High-throughput toxicokinetic Mixture risk assessment |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016041202400816X |
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