Frequency-selective actuation of liquid crystalline elastomer actuators with radio-frequency

Abstract Soft and miniaturized robots possess the capability to operate inside narrow, confined environments. However, powering soft robots inside these environments with on-board batteries or wired connections to external power supplies can significantly restrain their mobility. Similarly, wireless...

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Main Authors: Yiwen Song, Zefang Li, Mason Zadan, Jingxian Wang, Swarun Kumar, Carmel Majidi
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-08-01
Series:Nature Communications
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-62313-9
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author Yiwen Song
Zefang Li
Mason Zadan
Jingxian Wang
Swarun Kumar
Carmel Majidi
author_facet Yiwen Song
Zefang Li
Mason Zadan
Jingxian Wang
Swarun Kumar
Carmel Majidi
author_sort Yiwen Song
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Soft and miniaturized robots possess the capability to operate inside narrow, confined environments. However, powering soft robots inside these environments with on-board batteries or wired connections to external power supplies can significantly restrain their mobility. Similarly, wireless actuation approaches are constrained by near-field actuation, line-of-sight operation, or indiscriminate actuation of many actuators. To provide higher mobility for wireless soft robot to operate inside non-line-of-sight scenarios, we present a radio-frequency system that introduces frequency-selective actuation of liquid crystal elastomer actuators. We create liquid crystalline elastomer actuators with a low actuation temperature and embed them with conductive traces that resonate and heat by selected frequencies of radio-frequency excitation in the 2.40 GHz range. We further develop a wireless actuation platform that infers the wireless channel and beamforms towards the actuator to achieve efficient beamforming. Demonstrations show our system is capable of selectively actuating different actuators while the robot is in motion and obstructed by occlusions.
format Article
id doaj-art-77f3eef2ae644d67bd3f27fd64e1bd11
institution DOAJ
issn 2041-1723
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publishDate 2025-08-01
publisher Nature Portfolio
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series Nature Communications
spelling doaj-art-77f3eef2ae644d67bd3f27fd64e1bd112025-08-20T03:05:14ZengNature PortfolioNature Communications2041-17232025-08-0116111310.1038/s41467-025-62313-9Frequency-selective actuation of liquid crystalline elastomer actuators with radio-frequencyYiwen Song0Zefang Li1Mason Zadan2Jingxian Wang3Swarun Kumar4Carmel Majidi5Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon UniversityDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon UniversityDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon UniversityDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon UniversityDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon UniversityDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon UniversityAbstract Soft and miniaturized robots possess the capability to operate inside narrow, confined environments. However, powering soft robots inside these environments with on-board batteries or wired connections to external power supplies can significantly restrain their mobility. Similarly, wireless actuation approaches are constrained by near-field actuation, line-of-sight operation, or indiscriminate actuation of many actuators. To provide higher mobility for wireless soft robot to operate inside non-line-of-sight scenarios, we present a radio-frequency system that introduces frequency-selective actuation of liquid crystal elastomer actuators. We create liquid crystalline elastomer actuators with a low actuation temperature and embed them with conductive traces that resonate and heat by selected frequencies of radio-frequency excitation in the 2.40 GHz range. We further develop a wireless actuation platform that infers the wireless channel and beamforms towards the actuator to achieve efficient beamforming. Demonstrations show our system is capable of selectively actuating different actuators while the robot is in motion and obstructed by occlusions.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-62313-9
spellingShingle Yiwen Song
Zefang Li
Mason Zadan
Jingxian Wang
Swarun Kumar
Carmel Majidi
Frequency-selective actuation of liquid crystalline elastomer actuators with radio-frequency
Nature Communications
title Frequency-selective actuation of liquid crystalline elastomer actuators with radio-frequency
title_full Frequency-selective actuation of liquid crystalline elastomer actuators with radio-frequency
title_fullStr Frequency-selective actuation of liquid crystalline elastomer actuators with radio-frequency
title_full_unstemmed Frequency-selective actuation of liquid crystalline elastomer actuators with radio-frequency
title_short Frequency-selective actuation of liquid crystalline elastomer actuators with radio-frequency
title_sort frequency selective actuation of liquid crystalline elastomer actuators with radio frequency
url https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-62313-9
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AT jingxianwang frequencyselectiveactuationofliquidcrystallineelastomeractuatorswithradiofrequency
AT swarunkumar frequencyselectiveactuationofliquidcrystallineelastomeractuatorswithradiofrequency
AT carmelmajidi frequencyselectiveactuationofliquidcrystallineelastomeractuatorswithradiofrequency