Effect of <i>Spirulina Nigrita<sup>®</sup></i> on Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress in Humans: A Breath Analysis Study
In the current work, the non-invasive approach of breath analysis is implemented for the first time in an eccentric exercise protocol that investigated the effect of spirulina supplementation on exercise-induced oxidative stress. We assessed whether volatile alkanes in exhaled breath can serve as al...
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2024-12-01
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| author | Anastasios Krokidas Katerina Mikedi Athanasios G. Gakis Spyridon Methenitis Tzortzis Nomikos Magdalini Krokida |
| author_facet | Anastasios Krokidas Katerina Mikedi Athanasios G. Gakis Spyridon Methenitis Tzortzis Nomikos Magdalini Krokida |
| author_sort | Anastasios Krokidas |
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| description | In the current work, the non-invasive approach of breath analysis is implemented for the first time in an eccentric exercise protocol that investigated the effect of spirulina supplementation on exercise-induced oxidative stress. We assessed whether volatile alkanes in exhaled breath can serve as alternative biomarkers of oxidative stress. A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover supplementation study was carried out enrolling 14 participants. The volunteers consumed 42 mg·kg<sup>−1</sup> body weight of either <i>Spirulina Nigrita<sup>®</sup></i> or maltodextrin, as a placebo, daily for 15 days. Afterward, they followed a damaging eccentric exercise protocol of the upper limbs. Expired breath samples were collected from them just before supplementation (baseline measurement), prior to exercise, and 1 h, 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h after exercise. The samples were analyzed by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) coupled with a thermal desorption unit (TDU) to determine the alveolar gradient (AG) of several alkanes, C5–C14, that are known to be related to oxidative stress. Apart from breath analysis, TBARSs were also determined as a crude marker of lipid peroxidation. Two-way repeated measures ANOVA tests were applied to the alkanes’ AGs between the spirulina (SPI) and placebo (PL) groups across time. In the PL group, a trend of increasing almost all alkanes immediately after exercise, with a gradual return to pre-exercise levels up to 72 h later was revealed. A statistically significant time effect was observed for 2-methylhexane, 3-methylhexane, heptane, octane, and undecane. The administration of spirulina appeared to reduce the increases in alkanes after exercise, and a statistically significant attenuation was observed for 2-methylpentane and 2-methylhexane. An examination of TBARSs confirmed that the reduced increases observed in the SPI group were due to changes in lipid peroxidation, while a positive correlation between the iAUC of TBARSs and that of 2-methylhexane and 3-methylhexane was revealed. In conclusion, the analysis of volatile alkanes in exhaled breath may serve as an attractive alternative for assessing redox changes after eccentric exercise compared to traditional blood biomarkers. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-77eab6584f2e4abb9d2fe64463ffaf3a |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2076-3417 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-77eab6584f2e4abb9d2fe64463ffaf3a2025-08-20T02:55:42ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172024-12-0114241150110.3390/app142411501Effect of <i>Spirulina Nigrita<sup>®</sup></i> on Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress in Humans: A Breath Analysis StudyAnastasios Krokidas0Katerina Mikedi1Athanasios G. Gakis2Spyridon Methenitis3Tzortzis Nomikos4Magdalini Krokida5Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University of Athens, 17676 Athens, GreeceDepartment of Chemical Science, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 15772 Athens, GreeceDepartment of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University of Athens, 17676 Athens, GreeceSports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education & Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, GreeceDepartment of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University of Athens, 17676 Athens, GreeceDepartment of Process Analysis and Plant Design, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 15772 Athens, GreeceIn the current work, the non-invasive approach of breath analysis is implemented for the first time in an eccentric exercise protocol that investigated the effect of spirulina supplementation on exercise-induced oxidative stress. We assessed whether volatile alkanes in exhaled breath can serve as alternative biomarkers of oxidative stress. A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover supplementation study was carried out enrolling 14 participants. The volunteers consumed 42 mg·kg<sup>−1</sup> body weight of either <i>Spirulina Nigrita<sup>®</sup></i> or maltodextrin, as a placebo, daily for 15 days. Afterward, they followed a damaging eccentric exercise protocol of the upper limbs. Expired breath samples were collected from them just before supplementation (baseline measurement), prior to exercise, and 1 h, 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h after exercise. The samples were analyzed by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) coupled with a thermal desorption unit (TDU) to determine the alveolar gradient (AG) of several alkanes, C5–C14, that are known to be related to oxidative stress. Apart from breath analysis, TBARSs were also determined as a crude marker of lipid peroxidation. Two-way repeated measures ANOVA tests were applied to the alkanes’ AGs between the spirulina (SPI) and placebo (PL) groups across time. In the PL group, a trend of increasing almost all alkanes immediately after exercise, with a gradual return to pre-exercise levels up to 72 h later was revealed. A statistically significant time effect was observed for 2-methylhexane, 3-methylhexane, heptane, octane, and undecane. The administration of spirulina appeared to reduce the increases in alkanes after exercise, and a statistically significant attenuation was observed for 2-methylpentane and 2-methylhexane. An examination of TBARSs confirmed that the reduced increases observed in the SPI group were due to changes in lipid peroxidation, while a positive correlation between the iAUC of TBARSs and that of 2-methylhexane and 3-methylhexane was revealed. In conclusion, the analysis of volatile alkanes in exhaled breath may serve as an attractive alternative for assessing redox changes after eccentric exercise compared to traditional blood biomarkers.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/14/24/11501breath analysisexercise-induced oxidative stressfood supplementsspirulina |
| spellingShingle | Anastasios Krokidas Katerina Mikedi Athanasios G. Gakis Spyridon Methenitis Tzortzis Nomikos Magdalini Krokida Effect of <i>Spirulina Nigrita<sup>®</sup></i> on Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress in Humans: A Breath Analysis Study Applied Sciences breath analysis exercise-induced oxidative stress food supplements spirulina |
| title | Effect of <i>Spirulina Nigrita<sup>®</sup></i> on Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress in Humans: A Breath Analysis Study |
| title_full | Effect of <i>Spirulina Nigrita<sup>®</sup></i> on Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress in Humans: A Breath Analysis Study |
| title_fullStr | Effect of <i>Spirulina Nigrita<sup>®</sup></i> on Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress in Humans: A Breath Analysis Study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effect of <i>Spirulina Nigrita<sup>®</sup></i> on Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress in Humans: A Breath Analysis Study |
| title_short | Effect of <i>Spirulina Nigrita<sup>®</sup></i> on Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress in Humans: A Breath Analysis Study |
| title_sort | effect of i spirulina nigrita sup r sup i on exercise induced oxidative stress in humans a breath analysis study |
| topic | breath analysis exercise-induced oxidative stress food supplements spirulina |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/14/24/11501 |
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