Power Transmission for Millimeter-Wave Indoor/Outdoor Wearable IoT Devices Using Grounded Coplanar Waveguide-Fed On-Body Antenna
This paper presents for the first-time evaluation of wireless power transmission (WPT) for sustainable low-powered Internet of Things (IoT) devices in realistic indoor/outdoor scenarios using empirical propagation models at 28 GHz. The used empirical propagation models have shown that using an on-bo...
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| Format: | Article |
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2025-01-01
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| Online Access: | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10838532/ |
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| author | Fuad Erman Slawomir Koziel Alhareth Zyoud Leifur Leifsson Ubaid Ullah Shaker Alkaraki |
| author_facet | Fuad Erman Slawomir Koziel Alhareth Zyoud Leifur Leifsson Ubaid Ullah Shaker Alkaraki |
| author_sort | Fuad Erman |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This paper presents for the first-time evaluation of wireless power transmission (WPT) for sustainable low-powered Internet of Things (IoT) devices in realistic indoor/outdoor scenarios using empirical propagation models at 28 GHz. The used empirical propagation models have shown that using an on-body <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$9\times 9$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mm-wave rectenna array based on a proposed mm-wave antenna is able to charge IoT devices at a distance of 57 m for line-of-sight (LOS) indoor temporal environment, and at a distance of 10 m for LOS outdoor tropical propagation model using a base station with 53 dBm transmission power. Furthermore, the mm-wave on-body <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$9\times 9$ </tex-math></inline-formula> rectenna array occupies an area equal to that of a single UHF rectenna, while collecting 17-fold more power. In addition, the article discusses the design and experimental results of a single-element on-body mm-wave antenna used to design the <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$9\times 9$ </tex-math></inline-formula> rectenna array. The proposed mm-wave antenna is a single-layer low-profile structure. Furthermore, the antenna has a stable gain of over 9.5 dBi and a wide beamwidth. The on-body antenna structure consists of rectangular multi-slot patch fed by a <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$50~\Omega $ </tex-math></inline-formula> grounded coplanar waveguide (GCPW) line. Employing the multi-slot configuration results in a wearable antenna’s impedance bandwidth of 3.73 GHz. The peak measured gain of the antenna is 10.5 for chest/arm-mounted case in the operating 28 GHz N257 5G band. The antenna’s radiation pattern forms a wide off-body forward direction beam. A prototype of the proposed antenna is fabricated and validated experimentally for both cases on a human volunteer arm/chest and in the free space. The size of the proposed structure is small and can collect power with high efficiency due to the short wavelength of millimeter wave (mm-wave) in contrast to UHF antennas. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-77921966891a477aadc842b4a8b596ca |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2169-3536 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | IEEE |
| record_format | Article |
| series | IEEE Access |
| spelling | doaj-art-77921966891a477aadc842b4a8b596ca2025-01-25T00:01:53ZengIEEEIEEE Access2169-35362025-01-0113140631407210.1109/ACCESS.2025.352887110838532Power Transmission for Millimeter-Wave Indoor/Outdoor Wearable IoT Devices Using Grounded Coplanar Waveguide-Fed On-Body AntennaFuad Erman0https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1794-4724Slawomir Koziel1https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9063-2647Alhareth Zyoud2https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1165-3192Leifur Leifsson3https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5134-870XUbaid Ullah4https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3893-5525Shaker Alkaraki5https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0517-1226College of Telecommunications and Information Technology, Nablus University for Vocational and Technical Education, Nablus, PalestineEngineering Optimization and Modeling Center, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, IcelandDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Birzeit University, Ramallah, PalestineSchool of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USANetworks and Communication Engineering Department, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab EmiratesDepartment of Electrical Engineering, George Green Institute for Electromagnetic Research, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K.This paper presents for the first-time evaluation of wireless power transmission (WPT) for sustainable low-powered Internet of Things (IoT) devices in realistic indoor/outdoor scenarios using empirical propagation models at 28 GHz. The used empirical propagation models have shown that using an on-body <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$9\times 9$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mm-wave rectenna array based on a proposed mm-wave antenna is able to charge IoT devices at a distance of 57 m for line-of-sight (LOS) indoor temporal environment, and at a distance of 10 m for LOS outdoor tropical propagation model using a base station with 53 dBm transmission power. Furthermore, the mm-wave on-body <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$9\times 9$ </tex-math></inline-formula> rectenna array occupies an area equal to that of a single UHF rectenna, while collecting 17-fold more power. In addition, the article discusses the design and experimental results of a single-element on-body mm-wave antenna used to design the <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$9\times 9$ </tex-math></inline-formula> rectenna array. The proposed mm-wave antenna is a single-layer low-profile structure. Furthermore, the antenna has a stable gain of over 9.5 dBi and a wide beamwidth. The on-body antenna structure consists of rectangular multi-slot patch fed by a <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$50~\Omega $ </tex-math></inline-formula> grounded coplanar waveguide (GCPW) line. Employing the multi-slot configuration results in a wearable antenna’s impedance bandwidth of 3.73 GHz. The peak measured gain of the antenna is 10.5 for chest/arm-mounted case in the operating 28 GHz N257 5G band. The antenna’s radiation pattern forms a wide off-body forward direction beam. A prototype of the proposed antenna is fabricated and validated experimentally for both cases on a human volunteer arm/chest and in the free space. The size of the proposed structure is small and can collect power with high efficiency due to the short wavelength of millimeter wave (mm-wave) in contrast to UHF antennas.https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10838532/Antennasenergy harvesting (EH)millimeter-wave (mm-wave)rectennawireless power transfer (WPT) |
| spellingShingle | Fuad Erman Slawomir Koziel Alhareth Zyoud Leifur Leifsson Ubaid Ullah Shaker Alkaraki Power Transmission for Millimeter-Wave Indoor/Outdoor Wearable IoT Devices Using Grounded Coplanar Waveguide-Fed On-Body Antenna IEEE Access Antennas energy harvesting (EH) millimeter-wave (mm-wave) rectenna wireless power transfer (WPT) |
| title | Power Transmission for Millimeter-Wave Indoor/Outdoor Wearable IoT Devices Using Grounded Coplanar Waveguide-Fed On-Body Antenna |
| title_full | Power Transmission for Millimeter-Wave Indoor/Outdoor Wearable IoT Devices Using Grounded Coplanar Waveguide-Fed On-Body Antenna |
| title_fullStr | Power Transmission for Millimeter-Wave Indoor/Outdoor Wearable IoT Devices Using Grounded Coplanar Waveguide-Fed On-Body Antenna |
| title_full_unstemmed | Power Transmission for Millimeter-Wave Indoor/Outdoor Wearable IoT Devices Using Grounded Coplanar Waveguide-Fed On-Body Antenna |
| title_short | Power Transmission for Millimeter-Wave Indoor/Outdoor Wearable IoT Devices Using Grounded Coplanar Waveguide-Fed On-Body Antenna |
| title_sort | power transmission for millimeter wave indoor outdoor wearable iot devices using grounded coplanar waveguide fed on body antenna |
| topic | Antennas energy harvesting (EH) millimeter-wave (mm-wave) rectenna wireless power transfer (WPT) |
| url | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10838532/ |
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