Microstructural, Mechanical, Thermal, and Magnetic Properties of the Mechanically Alloyed and Consolidated Al–16 wt. % Mn–7 wt. % Cu Alloy
The effect of severe plastic deformation during milling and conventional and Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) on the wt. % microstructural, structural, thermal, magnetic, and mechanical properties of the Al–16 wt. % Mn–7 wt. % Cu alloy was studied. A milling process for up to 24 h (A24) leads to microst...
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2025-07-01
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| author | Ahlem Saad Bekhouche Safia Alleg Abdelaziz Bouasla Hacene Hachache Joan José Sunol |
| author_facet | Ahlem Saad Bekhouche Safia Alleg Abdelaziz Bouasla Hacene Hachache Joan José Sunol |
| author_sort | Ahlem Saad Bekhouche |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The effect of severe plastic deformation during milling and conventional and Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) on the wt. % microstructural, structural, thermal, magnetic, and mechanical properties of the Al–16 wt. % Mn–7 wt. % Cu alloy was studied. A milling process for up to 24 h (A24) leads to microstructure refinement and the presence of Al, Mn, and Cu solid solutions. The energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis reveals the existence of Cu–Al, Mn–Al, and Al–Mn enriched particles. The powders exhibit weak ferromagnetism and an exchange bias (<i>EB</i>) behaviour that decreases with increasing milling time. The <i>Ms</i> values fitted using the law of approach to saturation (LAS) are comparable to the experimental values. The exothermic and endothermic peaks that appear in the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) scans in the 500–900 °C range on heating/cooling are related to different phase transformations. The crystal structure of the A24 powders heated up to 900 °C (A24_900 °C) consists of a dual-phase microstructure of Al<sub>20</sub>Cu<sub>2</sub>Mn<sub>3</sub> nanoprecipitates (~28%) and Al matrix (~72%). The sintering of the A24 powders at 500 °C for one hour (A24S) leads to the precipitation of Al<sub>6</sub>Mn, Al<sub>2</sub>Cu, and the Al<sub>20</sub>Cu<sub>2</sub>Mn<sub>3</sub> T-phase into the Al-enriched matrix. In contrast, the consolidation by SPS (A24SPS) leads to a mixture of an Al solid solution, Al<sub>6</sub>Mn, T-phase, and α-Mn with an increased weight fraction of the T-phase and Al<sub>6</sub>Mn. The sintered samples exhibit the coexistence of a significant PM/AFM contribution to the M-H curves, with increasing <i>Hc</i> and decreasing <i>EB</i>. A higher microhardness value of about 581 HV is achieved for the A24SPS sample compared to those of the A24 (68 HV) and A24S (80 HV) samples. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-7776a9b617304d9095cf0d0ae9bbcd86 |
| institution | DOAJ |
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| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
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| series | Magnetochemistry |
| spelling | doaj-art-7776a9b617304d9095cf0d0ae9bbcd862025-08-20T02:45:37ZengMDPI AGMagnetochemistry2312-74812025-07-011175910.3390/magnetochemistry11070059Microstructural, Mechanical, Thermal, and Magnetic Properties of the Mechanically Alloyed and Consolidated Al–16 wt. % Mn–7 wt. % Cu AlloyAhlem Saad Bekhouche0Safia Alleg1Abdelaziz Bouasla2Hacene Hachache3Joan José Sunol4Laboratory of Magnetism and Spectroscopy of Solids (LM2S), Physics Department, Badji Mokhtar Annaba University, Annaba 23000, AlgeriaLaboratory of Magnetism and Spectroscopy of Solids (LM2S), Physics Department, Badji Mokhtar Annaba University, Annaba 23000, AlgeriaPhysics Department, Faculty of Sciences, Badji Mokhtar Annaba University, Annaba 23000, AlgeriaLaboratory of Magnetism and Spectroscopy of Solids (LM2S), Physics Department, Badji Mokhtar Annaba University, Annaba 23000, AlgeriaDepartment de Fisica, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17071 Girona, SpainThe effect of severe plastic deformation during milling and conventional and Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) on the wt. % microstructural, structural, thermal, magnetic, and mechanical properties of the Al–16 wt. % Mn–7 wt. % Cu alloy was studied. A milling process for up to 24 h (A24) leads to microstructure refinement and the presence of Al, Mn, and Cu solid solutions. The energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis reveals the existence of Cu–Al, Mn–Al, and Al–Mn enriched particles. The powders exhibit weak ferromagnetism and an exchange bias (<i>EB</i>) behaviour that decreases with increasing milling time. The <i>Ms</i> values fitted using the law of approach to saturation (LAS) are comparable to the experimental values. The exothermic and endothermic peaks that appear in the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) scans in the 500–900 °C range on heating/cooling are related to different phase transformations. The crystal structure of the A24 powders heated up to 900 °C (A24_900 °C) consists of a dual-phase microstructure of Al<sub>20</sub>Cu<sub>2</sub>Mn<sub>3</sub> nanoprecipitates (~28%) and Al matrix (~72%). The sintering of the A24 powders at 500 °C for one hour (A24S) leads to the precipitation of Al<sub>6</sub>Mn, Al<sub>2</sub>Cu, and the Al<sub>20</sub>Cu<sub>2</sub>Mn<sub>3</sub> T-phase into the Al-enriched matrix. In contrast, the consolidation by SPS (A24SPS) leads to a mixture of an Al solid solution, Al<sub>6</sub>Mn, T-phase, and α-Mn with an increased weight fraction of the T-phase and Al<sub>6</sub>Mn. The sintered samples exhibit the coexistence of a significant PM/AFM contribution to the M-H curves, with increasing <i>Hc</i> and decreasing <i>EB</i>. A higher microhardness value of about 581 HV is achieved for the A24SPS sample compared to those of the A24 (68 HV) and A24S (80 HV) samples.https://www.mdpi.com/2312-7481/11/7/59mechanical alloyingspark plasma sinteringmicrostructureRietveld refinementmechanical propertiesDSC |
| spellingShingle | Ahlem Saad Bekhouche Safia Alleg Abdelaziz Bouasla Hacene Hachache Joan José Sunol Microstructural, Mechanical, Thermal, and Magnetic Properties of the Mechanically Alloyed and Consolidated Al–16 wt. % Mn–7 wt. % Cu Alloy Magnetochemistry mechanical alloying spark plasma sintering microstructure Rietveld refinement mechanical properties DSC |
| title | Microstructural, Mechanical, Thermal, and Magnetic Properties of the Mechanically Alloyed and Consolidated Al–16 wt. % Mn–7 wt. % Cu Alloy |
| title_full | Microstructural, Mechanical, Thermal, and Magnetic Properties of the Mechanically Alloyed and Consolidated Al–16 wt. % Mn–7 wt. % Cu Alloy |
| title_fullStr | Microstructural, Mechanical, Thermal, and Magnetic Properties of the Mechanically Alloyed and Consolidated Al–16 wt. % Mn–7 wt. % Cu Alloy |
| title_full_unstemmed | Microstructural, Mechanical, Thermal, and Magnetic Properties of the Mechanically Alloyed and Consolidated Al–16 wt. % Mn–7 wt. % Cu Alloy |
| title_short | Microstructural, Mechanical, Thermal, and Magnetic Properties of the Mechanically Alloyed and Consolidated Al–16 wt. % Mn–7 wt. % Cu Alloy |
| title_sort | microstructural mechanical thermal and magnetic properties of the mechanically alloyed and consolidated al 16 wt mn 7 wt cu alloy |
| topic | mechanical alloying spark plasma sintering microstructure Rietveld refinement mechanical properties DSC |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2312-7481/11/7/59 |
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