Fracture Risk in Type 2 Diabetes: Current Perspectives and Gender Differences
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with an increased risk of osteoporotic fractures, resulting in disabilities and increased mortality. The pathophysiological mechanisms linking diabetes to osteoporosis have not been fully explained, but alterations in bone structure and quality are well...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Wiley
2016-01-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Endocrinology |
| Online Access: | http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1615735 |
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| author | Giuseppina T. Russo Annalisa Giandalia Elisabetta L. Romeo Morabito Nunziata Marco Muscianisi Maria Concetta Ruffo Antonino Catalano Domenico Cucinotta |
| author_facet | Giuseppina T. Russo Annalisa Giandalia Elisabetta L. Romeo Morabito Nunziata Marco Muscianisi Maria Concetta Ruffo Antonino Catalano Domenico Cucinotta |
| author_sort | Giuseppina T. Russo |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with an increased risk of osteoporotic fractures, resulting in disabilities and increased mortality. The pathophysiological mechanisms linking diabetes to osteoporosis have not been fully explained, but alterations in bone structure and quality are well described in diabetic subjects, likely due to a combination of different factors. Insulin deficiency and dysfunction, obesity and hyperinsulinemia, altered level of oestrogen, leptin, and adiponectin as well as diabetes-related complications, especially peripheral neuropathy, orthostatic hypotension, or reduced vision due to retinopathy may all be associated with an impairment in bone metabolism and with the increased risk of fractures. Finally, medications commonly used in the treatment of T2DM may have an impact on bone metabolism and on fracture risk, particularly in postmenopausal women. When considering the impact of hypoglycaemic drugs on bone, it is important to balance their potential direct effects on bone quality with the risk of falling-related fractures due to the associated hypoglycaemic risk. In this review, experimental and clinical evidence connecting bone metabolism and fracture risk to T2DM is discussed, with particular emphasis on hypoglycaemic treatments and gender-specific implications. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-7754d731783248f08ea9bacd6f06047a |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1687-8337 1687-8345 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2016-01-01 |
| publisher | Wiley |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Endocrinology |
| spelling | doaj-art-7754d731783248f08ea9bacd6f06047a2025-02-03T06:00:03ZengWileyInternational Journal of Endocrinology1687-83371687-83452016-01-01201610.1155/2016/16157351615735Fracture Risk in Type 2 Diabetes: Current Perspectives and Gender DifferencesGiuseppina T. Russo0Annalisa Giandalia1Elisabetta L. Romeo2Morabito Nunziata3Marco Muscianisi4Maria Concetta Ruffo5Antonino Catalano6Domenico Cucinotta7Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, ItalyDepartment of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, ItalyDepartment of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, ItalyDepartment of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, ItalyDepartment of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, ItalyDepartment of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, ItalyDepartment of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, ItalyDepartment of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, ItalyType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with an increased risk of osteoporotic fractures, resulting in disabilities and increased mortality. The pathophysiological mechanisms linking diabetes to osteoporosis have not been fully explained, but alterations in bone structure and quality are well described in diabetic subjects, likely due to a combination of different factors. Insulin deficiency and dysfunction, obesity and hyperinsulinemia, altered level of oestrogen, leptin, and adiponectin as well as diabetes-related complications, especially peripheral neuropathy, orthostatic hypotension, or reduced vision due to retinopathy may all be associated with an impairment in bone metabolism and with the increased risk of fractures. Finally, medications commonly used in the treatment of T2DM may have an impact on bone metabolism and on fracture risk, particularly in postmenopausal women. When considering the impact of hypoglycaemic drugs on bone, it is important to balance their potential direct effects on bone quality with the risk of falling-related fractures due to the associated hypoglycaemic risk. In this review, experimental and clinical evidence connecting bone metabolism and fracture risk to T2DM is discussed, with particular emphasis on hypoglycaemic treatments and gender-specific implications.http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1615735 |
| spellingShingle | Giuseppina T. Russo Annalisa Giandalia Elisabetta L. Romeo Morabito Nunziata Marco Muscianisi Maria Concetta Ruffo Antonino Catalano Domenico Cucinotta Fracture Risk in Type 2 Diabetes: Current Perspectives and Gender Differences International Journal of Endocrinology |
| title | Fracture Risk in Type 2 Diabetes: Current Perspectives and Gender Differences |
| title_full | Fracture Risk in Type 2 Diabetes: Current Perspectives and Gender Differences |
| title_fullStr | Fracture Risk in Type 2 Diabetes: Current Perspectives and Gender Differences |
| title_full_unstemmed | Fracture Risk in Type 2 Diabetes: Current Perspectives and Gender Differences |
| title_short | Fracture Risk in Type 2 Diabetes: Current Perspectives and Gender Differences |
| title_sort | fracture risk in type 2 diabetes current perspectives and gender differences |
| url | http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1615735 |
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