Long-term exposure to air pollutants, meteorological factors, and mental health status: a nationwide population-based study with multilevel regression analysis
Abstract Background Air pollutants and meteorological conditions have shown significant adverse effects on human health; however, their impact on mental health remains inconclusive and underexplored. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the association between long-term exposure to air pollutants (...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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BMC
2025-03-01
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| Series: | Archives of Public Health |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s13690-025-01570-y |
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| author | Shiva Raj Acharya Jeevan Bhatta Diwash Timilsina Navin Ray Sandip Pahari |
| author_facet | Shiva Raj Acharya Jeevan Bhatta Diwash Timilsina Navin Ray Sandip Pahari |
| author_sort | Shiva Raj Acharya |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background Air pollutants and meteorological conditions have shown significant adverse effects on human health; however, their impact on mental health remains inconclusive and underexplored. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the association between long-term exposure to air pollutants (PM2.5 and PM10), meteorological factors, and depression and anxiety. Methods We selected 10,076 participants aged 15–49 from the Nepal Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) 2022, who had lived in their current domiciles for over five years. The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) scale were used to quantify the presence of depression and anxiety. The mean levels of air pollutants (PM2.5 and PM10), temperature, and relative humidity between August 2021 and July 2022 were obtained from the national air quality monitoring center and the meteorological department. Adjusted linear and polynomial logistic regression models were used to estimate the risk of depression and anxiety. Results The prevalence of depression and anxiety among participants was 3.8% and 16.9%, respectively. Increased PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations were significantly associated with increased PHQ-9 (PM2.5: β, 0.015; PM10: β, 0.011) and GAD-7 (PM2.5: β, 0.024; PM10: β, 0.011) scores. Exposure to higher PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations increased the risk of depression {OR, 95% CI (PM2.5: 1.05, 1.03–1.08); (PM10: 1.04, 1.01–1.05)} and anxiety {OR, 95% CI (PM2.5: 1.06, 1.04–1.10); (PM10: 1.03, 1.01–1.04)}, whereas higher temperatures and higher humidity showed a protective effect (p < 0.05). Conclusion This study demonstrates the substantial impact of air pollutants and meteorological factors on mental health status. Findings suggest that exposure to air pollutants may serve as an independent risk factor for depression and anxiety. Therefore, further robust investigations including large epidemiological cohorts and longitudinal observational studies are needed to elucidate these associations. Clinical trial number Not applicable. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-770cfd56a3fa458894be0ce3b47979c2 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2049-3258 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-03-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Archives of Public Health |
| spelling | doaj-art-770cfd56a3fa458894be0ce3b47979c22025-08-20T02:49:29ZengBMCArchives of Public Health2049-32582025-03-0183111110.1186/s13690-025-01570-yLong-term exposure to air pollutants, meteorological factors, and mental health status: a nationwide population-based study with multilevel regression analysisShiva Raj Acharya0Jeevan Bhatta1Diwash Timilsina2Navin Ray3Sandip Pahari4National Clinical Research Center for Collaborative Medicine, Research Institute for Korean Medicine, Pusan National UniversityASEAN Institute for Health Development, Mahidol UniversityDepartment of Health Informatics, Swansea UniversityDepartment of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Pusan National UniversitySchool of Health and Allied Sciences, Pokhara UniversityAbstract Background Air pollutants and meteorological conditions have shown significant adverse effects on human health; however, their impact on mental health remains inconclusive and underexplored. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the association between long-term exposure to air pollutants (PM2.5 and PM10), meteorological factors, and depression and anxiety. Methods We selected 10,076 participants aged 15–49 from the Nepal Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) 2022, who had lived in their current domiciles for over five years. The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) scale were used to quantify the presence of depression and anxiety. The mean levels of air pollutants (PM2.5 and PM10), temperature, and relative humidity between August 2021 and July 2022 were obtained from the national air quality monitoring center and the meteorological department. Adjusted linear and polynomial logistic regression models were used to estimate the risk of depression and anxiety. Results The prevalence of depression and anxiety among participants was 3.8% and 16.9%, respectively. Increased PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations were significantly associated with increased PHQ-9 (PM2.5: β, 0.015; PM10: β, 0.011) and GAD-7 (PM2.5: β, 0.024; PM10: β, 0.011) scores. Exposure to higher PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations increased the risk of depression {OR, 95% CI (PM2.5: 1.05, 1.03–1.08); (PM10: 1.04, 1.01–1.05)} and anxiety {OR, 95% CI (PM2.5: 1.06, 1.04–1.10); (PM10: 1.03, 1.01–1.04)}, whereas higher temperatures and higher humidity showed a protective effect (p < 0.05). Conclusion This study demonstrates the substantial impact of air pollutants and meteorological factors on mental health status. Findings suggest that exposure to air pollutants may serve as an independent risk factor for depression and anxiety. Therefore, further robust investigations including large epidemiological cohorts and longitudinal observational studies are needed to elucidate these associations. Clinical trial number Not applicable.https://doi.org/10.1186/s13690-025-01570-yAir pollutantsMeteorological factorsDepressionAnxietyExposureNepal |
| spellingShingle | Shiva Raj Acharya Jeevan Bhatta Diwash Timilsina Navin Ray Sandip Pahari Long-term exposure to air pollutants, meteorological factors, and mental health status: a nationwide population-based study with multilevel regression analysis Archives of Public Health Air pollutants Meteorological factors Depression Anxiety Exposure Nepal |
| title | Long-term exposure to air pollutants, meteorological factors, and mental health status: a nationwide population-based study with multilevel regression analysis |
| title_full | Long-term exposure to air pollutants, meteorological factors, and mental health status: a nationwide population-based study with multilevel regression analysis |
| title_fullStr | Long-term exposure to air pollutants, meteorological factors, and mental health status: a nationwide population-based study with multilevel regression analysis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Long-term exposure to air pollutants, meteorological factors, and mental health status: a nationwide population-based study with multilevel regression analysis |
| title_short | Long-term exposure to air pollutants, meteorological factors, and mental health status: a nationwide population-based study with multilevel regression analysis |
| title_sort | long term exposure to air pollutants meteorological factors and mental health status a nationwide population based study with multilevel regression analysis |
| topic | Air pollutants Meteorological factors Depression Anxiety Exposure Nepal |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s13690-025-01570-y |
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