Assessment of volatile organic compounds in indoor environments across North Macedonia and Kosovo using passive sampling
Humans are exposed to various volatile organic compounds (VOCs) through ingestion, inhalation, or skin contact, potentially leading to adverse health consequences. In this study, the distribution of vari-ous VOCs in indoor air in North Macedonia and Kosovo was investigated for the first time. From...
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| Format: | Article |
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Society of Chemists and Technologists of Macedonia
2024-12-01
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| Series: | Macedonian Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering |
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| Online Access: | https://mjcce.org.mk/index.php/MJCCE/article/view/2953 |
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| author | Vllaznim Mula Jane Bogdanov Jasmina Petreska Stanoeva Lulzim Zeneli Avni Berisha Zoran Zdravkovski |
| author_facet | Vllaznim Mula Jane Bogdanov Jasmina Petreska Stanoeva Lulzim Zeneli Avni Berisha Zoran Zdravkovski |
| author_sort | Vllaznim Mula |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description |
Humans are exposed to various volatile organic compounds (VOCs) through ingestion, inhalation, or skin contact, potentially leading to adverse health consequences. In this study, the distribution of vari-ous VOCs in indoor air in North Macedonia and Kosovo was investigated for the first time. From March to December 2023, the monthly relative abundance of VOCs was monitored using Radiello® pas-sive/diffusive samplers, followed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC MS) analysis.
A total of 60 samples were collected from 17 sites, where over 70 individual VOCs belonging to several classes were identified. Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) compounds were the most abundant in the chemical stockroom, contributing up to 77.84 % of the total VOC relative abun-dance. In the printing store/workplace, alkylbenzenes were predominant, comprising 69.72 %. Alcohols and ethers were primarily detected in the coffee shop, whereas organosiloxanes were dominant in the hair salon, accounting for 33.87 % and 54.46 % of the total VOCs, respectively. Terpenes were a significant component in the meat factory, representing 65.78 % of the total VOCs, while hydrocarbons were most prevalent in the oil & lubricants store, accounting for 58.23%. Halogenated compounds were primarily found in the superstore, constituting 20.42 % of total VOCs. The VOC composition results indicate that their presence in indoor environments may pose both acute and chronic health risks.
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| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-7667ddd0a0be40219ff90ec6656818cd |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 1857-5552 1857-5625 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
| publisher | Society of Chemists and Technologists of Macedonia |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Macedonian Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering |
| spelling | doaj-art-7667ddd0a0be40219ff90ec6656818cd2025-08-20T02:52:19ZengSociety of Chemists and Technologists of MacedoniaMacedonian Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering1857-55521857-56252024-12-0143210.20450/mjcce.2024.2953Assessment of volatile organic compounds in indoor environments across North Macedonia and Kosovo using passive samplingVllaznim Mula0Jane Bogdanov1Jasmina Petreska Stanoeva2Lulzim Zeneli3Avni Berisha4Zoran Zdravkovski5University "Fehmi Agani", 50000 Gjakova, KosovoInstitute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, 1000 Skopje, N. MacedoniaInstitute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, 1000 Skopje, N. MacedoniaUniversity "Fehmi Agani", 50000 Gjakova, KosovoDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Prishtina, 10000 Prishtina, KosovoInstitute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, 1000 Skopje, N. Macedonia Humans are exposed to various volatile organic compounds (VOCs) through ingestion, inhalation, or skin contact, potentially leading to adverse health consequences. In this study, the distribution of vari-ous VOCs in indoor air in North Macedonia and Kosovo was investigated for the first time. From March to December 2023, the monthly relative abundance of VOCs was monitored using Radiello® pas-sive/diffusive samplers, followed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC MS) analysis. A total of 60 samples were collected from 17 sites, where over 70 individual VOCs belonging to several classes were identified. Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) compounds were the most abundant in the chemical stockroom, contributing up to 77.84 % of the total VOC relative abun-dance. In the printing store/workplace, alkylbenzenes were predominant, comprising 69.72 %. Alcohols and ethers were primarily detected in the coffee shop, whereas organosiloxanes were dominant in the hair salon, accounting for 33.87 % and 54.46 % of the total VOCs, respectively. Terpenes were a significant component in the meat factory, representing 65.78 % of the total VOCs, while hydrocarbons were most prevalent in the oil & lubricants store, accounting for 58.23%. Halogenated compounds were primarily found in the superstore, constituting 20.42 % of total VOCs. The VOC composition results indicate that their presence in indoor environments may pose both acute and chronic health risks. https://mjcce.org.mk/index.php/MJCCE/article/view/2953volatile organic compoundsindoor airair pollutionpassive samplingGC-MS |
| spellingShingle | Vllaznim Mula Jane Bogdanov Jasmina Petreska Stanoeva Lulzim Zeneli Avni Berisha Zoran Zdravkovski Assessment of volatile organic compounds in indoor environments across North Macedonia and Kosovo using passive sampling Macedonian Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering volatile organic compounds indoor air air pollution passive sampling GC-MS |
| title | Assessment of volatile organic compounds in indoor environments across North Macedonia and Kosovo using passive sampling |
| title_full | Assessment of volatile organic compounds in indoor environments across North Macedonia and Kosovo using passive sampling |
| title_fullStr | Assessment of volatile organic compounds in indoor environments across North Macedonia and Kosovo using passive sampling |
| title_full_unstemmed | Assessment of volatile organic compounds in indoor environments across North Macedonia and Kosovo using passive sampling |
| title_short | Assessment of volatile organic compounds in indoor environments across North Macedonia and Kosovo using passive sampling |
| title_sort | assessment of volatile organic compounds in indoor environments across north macedonia and kosovo using passive sampling |
| topic | volatile organic compounds indoor air air pollution passive sampling GC-MS |
| url | https://mjcce.org.mk/index.php/MJCCE/article/view/2953 |
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