Fully distributed adaptive event-triggered control with delay-aware dynamic thresholds for islanded AC microgrids
Abstract This paper presents a fully distributed adaptive dynamic event-triggered control (FDOAD-ETC) strategy for islanded AC microgrids (MGs). The proposed approach restores frequency and voltage to nominal values while achieving precise real power sharing. The fully distributed nature of the meth...
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Nature Portfolio
2025-07-01
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| Series: | Scientific Reports |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-13955-8 |
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| author | Zahrasadat Sajjadinezhad Nima Mahdian Dehkordi |
| author_facet | Zahrasadat Sajjadinezhad Nima Mahdian Dehkordi |
| author_sort | Zahrasadat Sajjadinezhad |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract This paper presents a fully distributed adaptive dynamic event-triggered control (FDOAD-ETC) strategy for islanded AC microgrids (MGs). The proposed approach restores frequency and voltage to nominal values while achieving precise real power sharing. The fully distributed nature of the method eliminates the need for global information, such as the Laplacian matrix, relying only on local measurements from each distributed generator (DG). This enhances scalability and simplifies implementation, particularly for large-scale MGs. To demonstrate the core features of the approach, we introduce communication challenges such as delays and packet dropouts. These challenges highlight the strength of our adaptive dynamic event-triggered control (ADETC) system, which adjusts triggering thresholds in real time to ensure system stability and reduce communication overhead. Unlike static event-triggered methods, our dynamic approach is resilient to disruptions, prevents Zeno behavior, and adapts to varying network conditions. Simulations in MATLAB/SimPowerSystems validate the effectiveness of the FDOAD-ETC method, showing that it maintains stability and performance even under communication delays and data loss. The results confirm that our fully distributed and adaptive control framework provides a scalable, robust, and efficient solution for managing complex MGs. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-75f705c92f67407281fec9efeb9f4c19 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2045-2322 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | Nature Portfolio |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Scientific Reports |
| spelling | doaj-art-75f705c92f67407281fec9efeb9f4c192025-08-20T03:46:05ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-07-0115112510.1038/s41598-025-13955-8Fully distributed adaptive event-triggered control with delay-aware dynamic thresholds for islanded AC microgridsZahrasadat Sajjadinezhad0Nima Mahdian Dehkordi1Control Department, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training UniversityControl Department, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training UniversityAbstract This paper presents a fully distributed adaptive dynamic event-triggered control (FDOAD-ETC) strategy for islanded AC microgrids (MGs). The proposed approach restores frequency and voltage to nominal values while achieving precise real power sharing. The fully distributed nature of the method eliminates the need for global information, such as the Laplacian matrix, relying only on local measurements from each distributed generator (DG). This enhances scalability and simplifies implementation, particularly for large-scale MGs. To demonstrate the core features of the approach, we introduce communication challenges such as delays and packet dropouts. These challenges highlight the strength of our adaptive dynamic event-triggered control (ADETC) system, which adjusts triggering thresholds in real time to ensure system stability and reduce communication overhead. Unlike static event-triggered methods, our dynamic approach is resilient to disruptions, prevents Zeno behavior, and adapts to varying network conditions. Simulations in MATLAB/SimPowerSystems validate the effectiveness of the FDOAD-ETC method, showing that it maintains stability and performance even under communication delays and data loss. The results confirm that our fully distributed and adaptive control framework provides a scalable, robust, and efficient solution for managing complex MGs.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-13955-8Dynamic event-triggeredDynamic thresholdFully distributed secondary controlMicrogrid (MG)Real power sharingTime delay |
| spellingShingle | Zahrasadat Sajjadinezhad Nima Mahdian Dehkordi Fully distributed adaptive event-triggered control with delay-aware dynamic thresholds for islanded AC microgrids Scientific Reports Dynamic event-triggered Dynamic threshold Fully distributed secondary control Microgrid (MG) Real power sharing Time delay |
| title | Fully distributed adaptive event-triggered control with delay-aware dynamic thresholds for islanded AC microgrids |
| title_full | Fully distributed adaptive event-triggered control with delay-aware dynamic thresholds for islanded AC microgrids |
| title_fullStr | Fully distributed adaptive event-triggered control with delay-aware dynamic thresholds for islanded AC microgrids |
| title_full_unstemmed | Fully distributed adaptive event-triggered control with delay-aware dynamic thresholds for islanded AC microgrids |
| title_short | Fully distributed adaptive event-triggered control with delay-aware dynamic thresholds for islanded AC microgrids |
| title_sort | fully distributed adaptive event triggered control with delay aware dynamic thresholds for islanded ac microgrids |
| topic | Dynamic event-triggered Dynamic threshold Fully distributed secondary control Microgrid (MG) Real power sharing Time delay |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-13955-8 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT zahrasadatsajjadinezhad fullydistributedadaptiveeventtriggeredcontrolwithdelayawaredynamicthresholdsforislandedacmicrogrids AT nimamahdiandehkordi fullydistributedadaptiveeventtriggeredcontrolwithdelayawaredynamicthresholdsforislandedacmicrogrids |