Diabetes-related distress over time and its associations with glucose levels in school-aged children

Introduction In a cohort of families of school-age children (8–12.99 years old) with type 1 diabetes, we examined the stability of parent and child diabetes-related distress (DRD) over 6 months and the associations between parent and child DRD and child glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) over time.Research...

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Main Authors: Susana R Patton, Mark Allen Clements, Nicole Kahhan, Jessica S Pierce, Matthew Benson, Amy Milkes, Ryan J McDonough
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: BMJ Publishing Group 2025-06-01
Series:BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care
Online Access:https://drc.bmj.com/content/13/3/e004964.full
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author Susana R Patton
Mark Allen Clements
Nicole Kahhan
Jessica S Pierce
Matthew Benson
Amy Milkes
Ryan J McDonough
author_facet Susana R Patton
Mark Allen Clements
Nicole Kahhan
Jessica S Pierce
Matthew Benson
Amy Milkes
Ryan J McDonough
author_sort Susana R Patton
collection DOAJ
description Introduction In a cohort of families of school-age children (8–12.99 years old) with type 1 diabetes, we examined the stability of parent and child diabetes-related distress (DRD) over 6 months and the associations between parent and child DRD and child glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) over time.Research design and methods We recruited families from two large pediatric hospital systems in the USA and used validated measures of parent (Parent Problem Areas in Diabetes-Child, PPAID-C) and child (Problem Areas in Diabetes-Child, PAID-C) DRD and children’s HbA1c. We collected data at baseline and 6 months. We calculated minimal clinically important differences in PPAID-C and PAID-C to examine DRD stability and used a linear regression model to examine associations between PPAID-C and PAID-C scores and child HbA1c over time.Results We recruited n=132 parent–child dyads (mean child age=10.23±1.5 years; 50% male, 86% non-Hispanic white). 60% of children and 55% of parents reported stable DRD levels, 20% of children and 14% of parents reported increasing DRD levels, and 20% of children and 31% of parents reported decreasing DRD levels from baseline to 6 months. In the regression model, child HbA1c and DRD scores at baseline significantly predicted child HbA1c 6 months later, β=0.013, t(157)=2.32, p=0.02.Conclusions Across 6 months, DRD remained stable or increased in 80% of school-aged children and 69% of parents. Only child HbA1c and DRD at baseline predicted higher child HbA1c 6 months later. Our results suggest it may be valuable to screen families of school-age children for DRD routinely and to develop treatments to help them reduce DRD.
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spelling doaj-art-75dbc8d19f1d49d9949d886c9a7207c82025-08-20T02:04:54ZengBMJ Publishing GroupBMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care2052-48972025-06-0113310.1136/bmjdrc-2025-004964Diabetes-related distress over time and its associations with glucose levels in school-aged childrenSusana R Patton0Mark Allen Clements1Nicole Kahhan2Jessica S Pierce3Matthew Benson4Amy Milkes5Ryan J McDonough6Center for Healthcare Delivery Science, Nemours Children’s Health System, Jacksonville, Florida, USAChildren’s Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USANemours Children’s Health System, Jacksonville, Florida, USACenter for Healthcare Delivery Science, Nemours Children’s Hospital, Orlando, Florida, USADivision of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Nemours Children’s Health System, Jacksonville, Florida, USANemours Children’s Health System, Jacksonville, Florida, USAChildren’s Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USAIntroduction In a cohort of families of school-age children (8–12.99 years old) with type 1 diabetes, we examined the stability of parent and child diabetes-related distress (DRD) over 6 months and the associations between parent and child DRD and child glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) over time.Research design and methods We recruited families from two large pediatric hospital systems in the USA and used validated measures of parent (Parent Problem Areas in Diabetes-Child, PPAID-C) and child (Problem Areas in Diabetes-Child, PAID-C) DRD and children’s HbA1c. We collected data at baseline and 6 months. We calculated minimal clinically important differences in PPAID-C and PAID-C to examine DRD stability and used a linear regression model to examine associations between PPAID-C and PAID-C scores and child HbA1c over time.Results We recruited n=132 parent–child dyads (mean child age=10.23±1.5 years; 50% male, 86% non-Hispanic white). 60% of children and 55% of parents reported stable DRD levels, 20% of children and 14% of parents reported increasing DRD levels, and 20% of children and 31% of parents reported decreasing DRD levels from baseline to 6 months. In the regression model, child HbA1c and DRD scores at baseline significantly predicted child HbA1c 6 months later, β=0.013, t(157)=2.32, p=0.02.Conclusions Across 6 months, DRD remained stable or increased in 80% of school-aged children and 69% of parents. Only child HbA1c and DRD at baseline predicted higher child HbA1c 6 months later. Our results suggest it may be valuable to screen families of school-age children for DRD routinely and to develop treatments to help them reduce DRD.https://drc.bmj.com/content/13/3/e004964.full
spellingShingle Susana R Patton
Mark Allen Clements
Nicole Kahhan
Jessica S Pierce
Matthew Benson
Amy Milkes
Ryan J McDonough
Diabetes-related distress over time and its associations with glucose levels in school-aged children
BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care
title Diabetes-related distress over time and its associations with glucose levels in school-aged children
title_full Diabetes-related distress over time and its associations with glucose levels in school-aged children
title_fullStr Diabetes-related distress over time and its associations with glucose levels in school-aged children
title_full_unstemmed Diabetes-related distress over time and its associations with glucose levels in school-aged children
title_short Diabetes-related distress over time and its associations with glucose levels in school-aged children
title_sort diabetes related distress over time and its associations with glucose levels in school aged children
url https://drc.bmj.com/content/13/3/e004964.full
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