Occurrence and Ecological Risks of Neonicotinoids in Wheat, Corn and Rice Field Soils in China
The global application of neonicotinoids (NEOs) has precipitated pervasive contamination of agricultural matrices, with China’s staple crop lands representing critical exposure hotspots. The occurrence and ecological risks of ten NEOs in the field soils of three major crops (i.e., rice, wheat and co...
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2025-04-01
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| author | Junxue Wu Pingzhong Yu Ziyu Zou Ercheng Zhao Junjie Jing Jinwei Zhang Yan Tao Lirui Ren Min He Li Chen Ping Han |
| author_facet | Junxue Wu Pingzhong Yu Ziyu Zou Ercheng Zhao Junjie Jing Jinwei Zhang Yan Tao Lirui Ren Min He Li Chen Ping Han |
| author_sort | Junxue Wu |
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| description | The global application of neonicotinoids (NEOs) has precipitated pervasive contamination of agricultural matrices, with China’s staple crop lands representing critical exposure hotspots. The occurrence and ecological risks of ten NEOs in the field soils of three major crops (i.e., rice, wheat and corn) in China were investigated in the present study. Employing an optimized UPLC-MS/MS method (LOQ = 0.01–1.7 ng/g, RSD < 12.21%), ten NEOs across 69 representative field soils (rice: 23, corn: 18, wheat: 28) were quantified. It was found that the detection frequency (DF) of the NEOs was 100% in the soil. The DFs of NEOs in the soil followed the rule: imidacloprid (IMI, 100%) > thiamethoxam (TMX, 88.4%) > clothianidin (CLO, 87.0%) > acetamiprid (ACE, 46.4%) > dinotefuran (DIN, 7.2%) > nitenpyram (NIT, 1.4%). Mean total detected NEOs concentrations exhibited crop-dependent type: wheat (1.77–214.55 ng/g) > corn (0.79–97.53 ng/g) > rice (0.75–72.97 ng/g). The IMI, CLO and TMX triad constituted over 90% of the total contribution of detected NEOs. In addition, CLO and TMX in the rice soils, IMI, CLO and TMX in the corn soils and IMI, CLO and TMX in the wheat soils had medium ecological risks. Therefore, it is particularly important for agricultural ecological protection to strengthen monitoring and take effective measures to protect agricultural ecology. |
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| language | English |
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| spelling | doaj-art-758ecb6ee8cf4623bd1858ae4e8934cc2025-08-20T02:28:41ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492025-04-01308180310.3390/molecules30081803Occurrence and Ecological Risks of Neonicotinoids in Wheat, Corn and Rice Field Soils in ChinaJunxue Wu0Pingzhong Yu1Ziyu Zou2Ercheng Zhao3Junjie Jing4Jinwei Zhang5Yan Tao6Lirui Ren7Min He8Li Chen9Ping Han10Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit Diseases and Pests in North China, Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit and Vegetable Pests in North China (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, ChinaBeijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit Diseases and Pests in North China, Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit and Vegetable Pests in North China (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, ChinaBeijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit Diseases and Pests in North China, Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit and Vegetable Pests in North China (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, ChinaBeijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit Diseases and Pests in North China, Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit and Vegetable Pests in North China (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, ChinaBeijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit Diseases and Pests in North China, Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit and Vegetable Pests in North China (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, ChinaBeijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit Diseases and Pests in North China, Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit and Vegetable Pests in North China (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, ChinaBeijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit Diseases and Pests in North China, Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit and Vegetable Pests in North China (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, ChinaBeijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit Diseases and Pests in North China, Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit and Vegetable Pests in North China (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, ChinaBeijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit Diseases and Pests in North China, Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit and Vegetable Pests in North China (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, ChinaBeijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit Diseases and Pests in North China, Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit and Vegetable Pests in North China (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, ChinaBeijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit Diseases and Pests in North China, Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit and Vegetable Pests in North China (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, ChinaThe global application of neonicotinoids (NEOs) has precipitated pervasive contamination of agricultural matrices, with China’s staple crop lands representing critical exposure hotspots. The occurrence and ecological risks of ten NEOs in the field soils of three major crops (i.e., rice, wheat and corn) in China were investigated in the present study. Employing an optimized UPLC-MS/MS method (LOQ = 0.01–1.7 ng/g, RSD < 12.21%), ten NEOs across 69 representative field soils (rice: 23, corn: 18, wheat: 28) were quantified. It was found that the detection frequency (DF) of the NEOs was 100% in the soil. The DFs of NEOs in the soil followed the rule: imidacloprid (IMI, 100%) > thiamethoxam (TMX, 88.4%) > clothianidin (CLO, 87.0%) > acetamiprid (ACE, 46.4%) > dinotefuran (DIN, 7.2%) > nitenpyram (NIT, 1.4%). Mean total detected NEOs concentrations exhibited crop-dependent type: wheat (1.77–214.55 ng/g) > corn (0.79–97.53 ng/g) > rice (0.75–72.97 ng/g). The IMI, CLO and TMX triad constituted over 90% of the total contribution of detected NEOs. In addition, CLO and TMX in the rice soils, IMI, CLO and TMX in the corn soils and IMI, CLO and TMX in the wheat soils had medium ecological risks. Therefore, it is particularly important for agricultural ecological protection to strengthen monitoring and take effective measures to protect agricultural ecology.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/8/1803neonicotinoidsoccurrencesoilecological risks |
| spellingShingle | Junxue Wu Pingzhong Yu Ziyu Zou Ercheng Zhao Junjie Jing Jinwei Zhang Yan Tao Lirui Ren Min He Li Chen Ping Han Occurrence and Ecological Risks of Neonicotinoids in Wheat, Corn and Rice Field Soils in China Molecules neonicotinoids occurrence soil ecological risks |
| title | Occurrence and Ecological Risks of Neonicotinoids in Wheat, Corn and Rice Field Soils in China |
| title_full | Occurrence and Ecological Risks of Neonicotinoids in Wheat, Corn and Rice Field Soils in China |
| title_fullStr | Occurrence and Ecological Risks of Neonicotinoids in Wheat, Corn and Rice Field Soils in China |
| title_full_unstemmed | Occurrence and Ecological Risks of Neonicotinoids in Wheat, Corn and Rice Field Soils in China |
| title_short | Occurrence and Ecological Risks of Neonicotinoids in Wheat, Corn and Rice Field Soils in China |
| title_sort | occurrence and ecological risks of neonicotinoids in wheat corn and rice field soils in china |
| topic | neonicotinoids occurrence soil ecological risks |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/8/1803 |
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