A Systematic Assessment of <i>Leishmania donovani</i> Infection in Domestic and Wild Animal Reservoir Hosts of Zoonotic Visceral Leishmaniasis in India
Leishmaniasis is a neglected disease with a global spread that affects both domestic and wild animals in addition to people. Leishmania donovani is the suspected anthroponotic cause of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in India, where it is an endemic disease. The reservoir hosts play a crucial role in th...
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2024-08-01
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| author | Gajala Deethamvali Ghouse Peer Anjali Priyadarshini Archana Gupta Arpana Vibhuti Elcio Leal Antonio Charlys da Costa Carlos Prudencio Kirtanjot Kaur Saheem Ahmad V. Samuel Raj Ramendra Pati Pandey |
| author_facet | Gajala Deethamvali Ghouse Peer Anjali Priyadarshini Archana Gupta Arpana Vibhuti Elcio Leal Antonio Charlys da Costa Carlos Prudencio Kirtanjot Kaur Saheem Ahmad V. Samuel Raj Ramendra Pati Pandey |
| author_sort | Gajala Deethamvali Ghouse Peer |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Leishmaniasis is a neglected disease with a global spread that affects both domestic and wild animals in addition to people. Leishmania donovani is the suspected anthroponotic cause of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in India, where it is an endemic disease. The reservoir hosts play a crucial role in the life cycle of the <i>Leishmania</i> parasite. The complicated connection between the pathogen, vector, and reservoir exhibits geographical and temporal diversity. Human-to-human and, to a lesser extent, human-to-animal transmission are the principal mechanisms for the maintenance of anthroponotic diseases. A number of animals were examined for the presence of Leishmania parasites and the findings were reviewed in order to examine the role of animal reservoirs in domestic transmission of cutaneous leishmaniasis in endemic regions of India. The analysis objective was to assess the research conducted on domestic animals’ propensity to spread <i>L. donovani</i> in endemic areas, with a particular emphasis on how proximity and animal density may impact the prevalence of human leishmaniasis. Species of the <i>L. donovani</i> complex have distinct enzootic, zoonotic, and anthroponotic life cycles that depend on the environment. The majority of <i>Leishmania</i> spp. are zoonotic, spreading from non-human mammals to humans. Many nations have leishmaniasis as an endemic disease, and the Indian subcontinent (ISC) has an estimated two to three lakh people who are at risk. This systematic review evaluates the gaps in our understanding of disease transmission that contradict conventional wisdom about the reservoir(s) of visceral leishmaniasis and efforts to manage it on the Indian subcontinent. Fundamental concerns in VL epidemiology and ecology will be clarified by a better understanding of <i>L. donovani</i> infection in domestic animals and its transfer to sandflies. A deliberate, systematic search was conducted on PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar using keywords such as “<i>Leishmania donovani</i>”, “zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis”, and “wild animal reservoir for <i>Leishmania donovani</i>”. A total of 530 potentially relevant references were obtained from these databases, and 507 were not considered due to copy avoidance, irrelevant titles, research publications from nations other than India, or modified compositions. Among the remaining 23 investigations, 20 were rejected, and only 3 were included in the present study. Finally, three research papers with 867 goats, 161 cattle, 106 chickens, 26 sheep, three buffaloes, 406 dogs, and 309 rats were reported. Along with these data, studies across Asian and African countries that are considered VL-endemic areas have been discussed. According to the review, goats are the epidemic’s primary host and possible reservoir in several regions of India. In the endemic regions of the disease, some species of rodents, along with the canines, appear to be maintaining the <i>L. donovani</i> transmission cycle. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-7587cc0194334d77842d35cbb8b8dfeb |
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| issn | 2036-7481 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-08-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-7587cc0194334d77842d35cbb8b8dfeb2025-08-20T01:55:41ZengMDPI AGMicrobiology Research2036-74812024-08-011531645165410.3390/microbiolres15030109A Systematic Assessment of <i>Leishmania donovani</i> Infection in Domestic and Wild Animal Reservoir Hosts of Zoonotic Visceral Leishmaniasis in IndiaGajala Deethamvali Ghouse Peer0Anjali Priyadarshini1Archana Gupta2Arpana Vibhuti3Elcio Leal4Antonio Charlys da Costa5Carlos Prudencio6Kirtanjot Kaur7Saheem Ahmad8V. Samuel Raj9Ramendra Pati Pandey10School of Health Sciences and Technology (SoHST), University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES), Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, IndiaCentre for Drug Design Discovery and Development (C4D), SRM University, Delhi-NCR, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Sonepat 131029, Haryana, IndiaCentre for Drug Design Discovery and Development (C4D), SRM University, Delhi-NCR, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Sonepat 131029, Haryana, IndiaCentre for Drug Design Discovery and Development (C4D), SRM University, Delhi-NCR, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Sonepat 131029, Haryana, IndiaLaboratório de Diversidade Viral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belem 66075-000, PA, BrazilInstituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, SP, BrazilCenter of Immunology, Institute Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo 05403-000, SP, BrazilUniversity Centre for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, Punjab, IndiaDepartment of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hail, Hail 2440, Saudi ArabiaCentre for Drug Design Discovery and Development (C4D), SRM University, Delhi-NCR, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Sonepat 131029, Haryana, IndiaSchool of Health Sciences and Technology (SoHST), University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES), Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, IndiaLeishmaniasis is a neglected disease with a global spread that affects both domestic and wild animals in addition to people. Leishmania donovani is the suspected anthroponotic cause of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in India, where it is an endemic disease. The reservoir hosts play a crucial role in the life cycle of the <i>Leishmania</i> parasite. The complicated connection between the pathogen, vector, and reservoir exhibits geographical and temporal diversity. Human-to-human and, to a lesser extent, human-to-animal transmission are the principal mechanisms for the maintenance of anthroponotic diseases. A number of animals were examined for the presence of Leishmania parasites and the findings were reviewed in order to examine the role of animal reservoirs in domestic transmission of cutaneous leishmaniasis in endemic regions of India. The analysis objective was to assess the research conducted on domestic animals’ propensity to spread <i>L. donovani</i> in endemic areas, with a particular emphasis on how proximity and animal density may impact the prevalence of human leishmaniasis. Species of the <i>L. donovani</i> complex have distinct enzootic, zoonotic, and anthroponotic life cycles that depend on the environment. The majority of <i>Leishmania</i> spp. are zoonotic, spreading from non-human mammals to humans. Many nations have leishmaniasis as an endemic disease, and the Indian subcontinent (ISC) has an estimated two to three lakh people who are at risk. This systematic review evaluates the gaps in our understanding of disease transmission that contradict conventional wisdom about the reservoir(s) of visceral leishmaniasis and efforts to manage it on the Indian subcontinent. Fundamental concerns in VL epidemiology and ecology will be clarified by a better understanding of <i>L. donovani</i> infection in domestic animals and its transfer to sandflies. A deliberate, systematic search was conducted on PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar using keywords such as “<i>Leishmania donovani</i>”, “zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis”, and “wild animal reservoir for <i>Leishmania donovani</i>”. A total of 530 potentially relevant references were obtained from these databases, and 507 were not considered due to copy avoidance, irrelevant titles, research publications from nations other than India, or modified compositions. Among the remaining 23 investigations, 20 were rejected, and only 3 were included in the present study. Finally, three research papers with 867 goats, 161 cattle, 106 chickens, 26 sheep, three buffaloes, 406 dogs, and 309 rats were reported. Along with these data, studies across Asian and African countries that are considered VL-endemic areas have been discussed. According to the review, goats are the epidemic’s primary host and possible reservoir in several regions of India. In the endemic regions of the disease, some species of rodents, along with the canines, appear to be maintaining the <i>L. donovani</i> transmission cycle.https://www.mdpi.com/2036-7481/15/3/109epidemicgeographical<i>Leishmania donovani</i>temporal diversitytransmission cycle |
| spellingShingle | Gajala Deethamvali Ghouse Peer Anjali Priyadarshini Archana Gupta Arpana Vibhuti Elcio Leal Antonio Charlys da Costa Carlos Prudencio Kirtanjot Kaur Saheem Ahmad V. Samuel Raj Ramendra Pati Pandey A Systematic Assessment of <i>Leishmania donovani</i> Infection in Domestic and Wild Animal Reservoir Hosts of Zoonotic Visceral Leishmaniasis in India Microbiology Research epidemic geographical <i>Leishmania donovani</i> temporal diversity transmission cycle |
| title | A Systematic Assessment of <i>Leishmania donovani</i> Infection in Domestic and Wild Animal Reservoir Hosts of Zoonotic Visceral Leishmaniasis in India |
| title_full | A Systematic Assessment of <i>Leishmania donovani</i> Infection in Domestic and Wild Animal Reservoir Hosts of Zoonotic Visceral Leishmaniasis in India |
| title_fullStr | A Systematic Assessment of <i>Leishmania donovani</i> Infection in Domestic and Wild Animal Reservoir Hosts of Zoonotic Visceral Leishmaniasis in India |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Systematic Assessment of <i>Leishmania donovani</i> Infection in Domestic and Wild Animal Reservoir Hosts of Zoonotic Visceral Leishmaniasis in India |
| title_short | A Systematic Assessment of <i>Leishmania donovani</i> Infection in Domestic and Wild Animal Reservoir Hosts of Zoonotic Visceral Leishmaniasis in India |
| title_sort | systematic assessment of i leishmania donovani i infection in domestic and wild animal reservoir hosts of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis in india |
| topic | epidemic geographical <i>Leishmania donovani</i> temporal diversity transmission cycle |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2036-7481/15/3/109 |
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