Synergistic effect of pH-sensitive PEGylated RG3-chitosan prodrug nanoparticles encapsulated celastrol on pancreatic cancer

Celastrol (Cel) is a potential anticancer therapeutic candidate, but its limited practical applicability is due to its low solubility, poor tumor selectivity, and cytotoxicity. Clinically, ginsenoside Rg3 (RG3) is typically combined with chemotherapy to enhance antitumor effects and reduce side effe...

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Main Authors: Zheng Zhang, Jiaxing Wang, Xiaofang Li, Lingzhou Zhao, Junwei Zhao, Mengjiao Su, Xiangxiang Wu, Huahui Zeng
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Taylor & Francis Group 2025-12-01
Series:Drug Delivery
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Online Access:https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/10717544.2025.2464189
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author Zheng Zhang
Jiaxing Wang
Xiaofang Li
Lingzhou Zhao
Junwei Zhao
Mengjiao Su
Xiangxiang Wu
Huahui Zeng
author_facet Zheng Zhang
Jiaxing Wang
Xiaofang Li
Lingzhou Zhao
Junwei Zhao
Mengjiao Su
Xiangxiang Wu
Huahui Zeng
author_sort Zheng Zhang
collection DOAJ
description Celastrol (Cel) is a potential anticancer therapeutic candidate, but its limited practical applicability is due to its low solubility, poor tumor selectivity, and cytotoxicity. Clinically, ginsenoside Rg3 (RG3) is typically combined with chemotherapy to enhance antitumor effects and reduce side effects. Herein, we developed novel pH-sensitive prodrug nanoparticles (NPs) containing RG3 and Cel for the synergistic treatment of pancreatic cancer (PC). Amphiphilic prodrug, a PEGylated chitosan oligosaccharide coupled with RG3 via Schiff base bond, was self-assembled with hydrophobic Cel into NPs with drug loadings of 2.12% (Cel) and 1.63% (RG3). NPs exhibited a suitable particle size of 124.01 nm, zeta potential of −39.89 mV and good physical stability. In addition, NPs also showed a controlled drug release when the Schiff base bonds were hydrolyzed in the acidic environment. In Pan02 tumor-bearing mice, NPs exhibited a high accumulation in tumor tissues and prolonged blood circulation time. Furthermore, NPs could more effectively inhibit tumor growth and reduce systemic toxicity, compared with the free Cel, RG3, prodrug, and Cel + RG3. The results indicated that the NPs could provide a safe and promising nanoplatform for PC therapy.
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issn 1071-7544
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publishDate 2025-12-01
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spelling doaj-art-75196ffc77a844ceb2dda637875b7b3a2025-08-20T03:21:31ZengTaylor & Francis GroupDrug Delivery1071-75441521-04642025-12-0132110.1080/10717544.2025.2464189Synergistic effect of pH-sensitive PEGylated RG3-chitosan prodrug nanoparticles encapsulated celastrol on pancreatic cancerZheng Zhang0Jiaxing Wang1Xiaofang Li2Lingzhou Zhao3Junwei Zhao4Mengjiao Su5Xiangxiang Wu6Huahui Zeng7Collaborative Innovation Center of Research and Development on the Whole Industry Chain of Yu-Yao, Zhengzhou, ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center of Research and Development on the Whole Industry Chain of Yu-Yao, Zhengzhou, ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center of Research and Development on the Whole Industry Chain of Yu-Yao, Zhengzhou, ChinaDepartment of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, ChinaDepartment of Clinical Laboratory, Core Unit of National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center of Research and Development on the Whole Industry Chain of Yu-Yao, Zhengzhou, ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center of Research and Development on the Whole Industry Chain of Yu-Yao, Zhengzhou, ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center of Research and Development on the Whole Industry Chain of Yu-Yao, Zhengzhou, ChinaCelastrol (Cel) is a potential anticancer therapeutic candidate, but its limited practical applicability is due to its low solubility, poor tumor selectivity, and cytotoxicity. Clinically, ginsenoside Rg3 (RG3) is typically combined with chemotherapy to enhance antitumor effects and reduce side effects. Herein, we developed novel pH-sensitive prodrug nanoparticles (NPs) containing RG3 and Cel for the synergistic treatment of pancreatic cancer (PC). Amphiphilic prodrug, a PEGylated chitosan oligosaccharide coupled with RG3 via Schiff base bond, was self-assembled with hydrophobic Cel into NPs with drug loadings of 2.12% (Cel) and 1.63% (RG3). NPs exhibited a suitable particle size of 124.01 nm, zeta potential of −39.89 mV and good physical stability. In addition, NPs also showed a controlled drug release when the Schiff base bonds were hydrolyzed in the acidic environment. In Pan02 tumor-bearing mice, NPs exhibited a high accumulation in tumor tissues and prolonged blood circulation time. Furthermore, NPs could more effectively inhibit tumor growth and reduce systemic toxicity, compared with the free Cel, RG3, prodrug, and Cel + RG3. The results indicated that the NPs could provide a safe and promising nanoplatform for PC therapy.https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/10717544.2025.2464189Ginsenoside Rg3celastrolprodrugnanoparticlespancreatic cancer
spellingShingle Zheng Zhang
Jiaxing Wang
Xiaofang Li
Lingzhou Zhao
Junwei Zhao
Mengjiao Su
Xiangxiang Wu
Huahui Zeng
Synergistic effect of pH-sensitive PEGylated RG3-chitosan prodrug nanoparticles encapsulated celastrol on pancreatic cancer
Drug Delivery
Ginsenoside Rg3
celastrol
prodrug
nanoparticles
pancreatic cancer
title Synergistic effect of pH-sensitive PEGylated RG3-chitosan prodrug nanoparticles encapsulated celastrol on pancreatic cancer
title_full Synergistic effect of pH-sensitive PEGylated RG3-chitosan prodrug nanoparticles encapsulated celastrol on pancreatic cancer
title_fullStr Synergistic effect of pH-sensitive PEGylated RG3-chitosan prodrug nanoparticles encapsulated celastrol on pancreatic cancer
title_full_unstemmed Synergistic effect of pH-sensitive PEGylated RG3-chitosan prodrug nanoparticles encapsulated celastrol on pancreatic cancer
title_short Synergistic effect of pH-sensitive PEGylated RG3-chitosan prodrug nanoparticles encapsulated celastrol on pancreatic cancer
title_sort synergistic effect of ph sensitive pegylated rg3 chitosan prodrug nanoparticles encapsulated celastrol on pancreatic cancer
topic Ginsenoside Rg3
celastrol
prodrug
nanoparticles
pancreatic cancer
url https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/10717544.2025.2464189
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