Constraining the Cosmic-Ray Energy Based on Observations of Nearby Galaxy Clusters by LHAASO

Galaxy clusters act as reservoirs of high-energy cosmic rays (CRs). As CRs propagate through the intracluster medium, they generate diffuse γ -rays detectable by arrays such as LHAASO. These γ -rays result from proton–proton (pp) collisions of very high-energy cosmic rays or inverse Compton (IC) sca...

Full description

Saved in:

Bibliographic Details
Main Authors:	Zhen Cao, F. Aharonian, Y. X. Bai, Y. W. Bao, D. Bastieri, X. J. Bi, Y. J. Bi, W. Bian, A. V. Bukevich, C. M. Cai, W. Y. Cao, Zhe Cao, J. Chang, J. F. Chang, A. M. Chen, E. S. Chen, H. X. Chen, Liang Chen, Long Chen, M. J. Chen, M. L. Chen, Q. H. Chen, S. Chen, S. H. Chen, S. Z. Chen, T. L. Chen, X. B. Chen, X. J. Chen, Y. Chen, N. Cheng, Y. D. Cheng, M. C. Chu, M. Y. Cui, S. W. Cui, X. H. Cui, Y. D. Cui, B. Z. Dai, H. L. Dai, Z. G. Dai, Danzengluobu, Y. X. Diao, X. Q. Dong, K. K. Duan, J. H. Fan, Y. Z. Fan, J. Fang, J. H. Fang, K. Fang, C. F. Feng, H. Feng, L. Feng, S. H. Feng, X. T. Feng, Y. Feng, Y. L. Feng, S. Gabici, B. Gao, C. D. Gao, Q. Gao, W. Gao, W. K. Gao, M. M. Ge, T. T. Ge, L. S. Geng, G. Giacinti, G. H. Gong, Q. B. Gou, M. H. Gu, F. L. Guo, J. Guo, X. L. Guo, Y. Q. Guo, Y. Y. Guo, Y. A. Han, O. A. Hannuksela, M. Hasan, H. H. He, H. N. He, J. Y. He, X. Y. He, Y. He, S. Hernández-Cadena, Y. K. Hor, B. W. Hou, C. Hou, X. Hou, H. B. Hu, S. C. Hu, C. Huang, D. H. Huang, J. J. Huang, T. Q. Huang, W. J. Huang, X. T. Huang, X. Y. Huang, Y. Huang, Y. Y. Huang, X. L. Ji, H. Y. Jia, K. Jia, H. B. Jiang, K. Jiang, X. W. Jiang, Z. J. Jiang, M. Jin, S. Kaci, M. M. Kang, I. Karpikov, D. Khangulyan, D. Kuleshov, K. Kurinov, B. B. Li, Cheng Li, Cong Li, D. Li, F. Li, H. B. Li, H. C. Li, Jian Li, Jie Li, K. Li, L. Li, R. L. Li, S. D. Li, T. Y. Li, W. L. Li, X. R. Li, Xin Li, Y. Z. Li, Zhe Li, Zhuo Li, E. W. Liang, Y. F. Liang, S. J. Lin, B. Liu, C. Liu, D. Liu, D. B. Liu, H. Liu, H. D. Liu, J. Liu, J. L. Liu, J. R. Liu, M. Y. Liu, R. Y. Liu, S. M. Liu, W. Liu, X. Liu, Y. Liu, Y. N. Liu, Y. Q. Lou, Q. Luo, Y. Luo, H. K. Lv, B. Q. Ma, L. L. Ma, X. H. Ma, J. R. Mao, Z. Min, W. Mitthumsiri, G. B. Mou, H. J. Mu, Y. C. Nan, A. Neronov, K. C. Y. Ng, M. Y. Ni, L. Nie, L. J. Ou, P. Pattarakijwanich, Z. Y. Pei, J. C. Qi, M. Y. Qi, J. J. Qin, A. Raza, C. Y. Ren, D. Ruffolo, A. Sáiz, M. Saeed, D. Semikoz, L. Shao, O. Shchegolev, Y. Z. Shen, X. D. Sheng, Z. D. Shi, F. W. Shu, H. C. Song, Yu. V. Stenkin, V. Stepanov, Y. Su, D. X. Sun, H. Sun, Q. N. Sun, X. N. Sun, Z. B. Sun, N. H. Tabasam, J. Takata, P. H. T. Tam, H. B. Tan, Q. W. Tang, R. Tang, Z. B. Tang, W. W. Tian, C. N. Tong, L. H. Wan, C. Wang, G. W. Wang, H. G. Wang, H. H. Wang, J. C. Wang, K. Wang, Kai Wang, L. P. Wang, L. Y. Wang, R. Wang, W. Wang, X. G. Wang, X. J. Wang, X. Y. Wang, Y. Wang, Y. D. Wang, Z. H. Wang, Z. X. Wang, Zheng Wang, D. M. Wei, J. J. Wei, Y. J. Wei, T. Wen, S. S. Weng, C. Y. Wu, H. R. Wu, Q. W. Wu, S. Wu, X. F. Wu, Y. S. Wu, S. Q. Xi, J. Xia, J. J. Xia, G. M. Xiang, D. X. Xiao, G. Xiao, Y. L. Xin, Y. Xing, D. R. Xiong, Z. Xiong, D. L. Xu, R. F. Xu, R. X. Xu, W. L. Xu, L. Xue, D. H. Yan, J. Z. Yan, T. Yan, C. W. Yang, C. Y. Yang, F. F. Yang, L. L. Yang, M. J. Yang, R. Z. Yang, W. X. Yang, Y. H. Yao, Z. G. Yao, X. A. Ye, L. Q. Yin, N. Yin, X. H. You, Z. Y. You, Y. H. Yu, Q. Yuan, H. Yue, H. D. Zeng, T. X. Zeng, W. Zeng, M. Zha, B. B. Zhang, B. T. Zhang, F. Zhang, H. Zhang, H. M. Zhang, H. Y. Zhang, J. L. Zhang, Li Zhang, P. F. Zhang, P. P. Zhang, R. Zhang, S. R. Zhang, S. S. Zhang, W. Y. Zhang, X. Zhang, X. P. Zhang, Yi Zhang, Yong Zhang, Z. P. Zhang, J. Zhao, L. Zhao, L. Z. Zhao, S. P. Zhao, X. H. Zhao, Z. H. Zhao, F. Zheng, W. J. Zhong, B. Zhou, H. Zhou, J. N. Zhou, M. Zhou, P. Zhou, R. Zhou, X. X. Zhou, B. Y. Zhu, C. G. Zhu, F. R. Zhu, H. Zhu, K. J. Zhu, Y. C. Zou, X. Zuo
Format:	Article
Language:	English
Published:	IOP Publishing 2025-01-01
Series:	The Astrophysical Journal Letters
Subjects:	Galaxy clusters Gamma-ray sources Ultra-high-energy cosmic radiation Perseus Cluster Coma Cluster Virgo Cluster
Online Access:	https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/adb97d
Tags:	Add Tag No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!

_version_	1850278735490580480
author	Zhen Cao F. Aharonian Y. X. Bai Y. W. Bao D. Bastieri X. J. Bi Y. J. Bi W. Bian A. V. Bukevich C. M. Cai W. Y. Cao Zhe Cao J. Chang J. F. Chang A. M. Chen E. S. Chen H. X. Chen Liang Chen Long Chen M. J. Chen M. L. Chen Q. H. Chen S. Chen S. H. Chen S. Z. Chen T. L. Chen X. B. Chen X. J. Chen Y. Chen N. Cheng Y. D. Cheng M. C. Chu M. Y. Cui S. W. Cui X. H. Cui Y. D. Cui B. Z. Dai H. L. Dai Z. G. Dai Danzengluobu Y. X. Diao X. Q. Dong K. K. Duan J. H. Fan Y. Z. Fan J. Fang J. H. Fang K. Fang C. F. Feng H. Feng L. Feng S. H. Feng X. T. Feng Y. Feng Y. L. Feng S. Gabici B. Gao C. D. Gao Q. Gao W. Gao W. K. Gao M. M. Ge T. T. Ge L. S. Geng G. Giacinti G. H. Gong Q. B. Gou M. H. Gu F. L. Guo J. Guo X. L. Guo Y. Q. Guo Y. Y. Guo Y. A. Han O. A. Hannuksela M. Hasan H. H. He H. N. He J. Y. He X. Y. He Y. He S. Hernández-Cadena Y. K. Hor B. W. Hou C. Hou X. Hou H. B. Hu S. C. Hu C. Huang D. H. Huang J. J. Huang T. Q. Huang W. J. Huang X. T. Huang X. Y. Huang Y. Huang Y. Y. Huang X. L. Ji H. Y. Jia K. Jia H. B. Jiang K. Jiang X. W. Jiang Z. J. Jiang M. Jin S. Kaci M. M. Kang I. Karpikov D. Khangulyan D. Kuleshov K. Kurinov B. B. Li Cheng Li Cong Li D. Li F. Li H. B. Li H. C. Li Jian Li Jie Li K. Li L. Li R. L. Li S. D. Li T. Y. Li W. L. Li X. R. Li Xin Li Y. Z. Li Zhe Li Zhuo Li E. W. Liang Y. F. Liang S. J. Lin B. Liu C. Liu D. Liu D. B. Liu H. Liu H. D. Liu J. Liu J. L. Liu J. R. Liu M. Y. Liu R. Y. Liu S. M. Liu W. Liu X. Liu Y. Liu Y. Liu Y. N. Liu Y. Q. Lou Q. Luo Y. Luo H. K. Lv B. Q. Ma L. L. Ma X. H. Ma J. R. Mao Z. Min W. Mitthumsiri G. B. Mou H. J. Mu Y. C. Nan A. Neronov K. C. Y. Ng M. Y. Ni L. Nie L. J. Ou P. Pattarakijwanich Z. Y. Pei J. C. Qi M. Y. Qi J. J. Qin A. Raza C. Y. Ren D. Ruffolo A. Sáiz M. Saeed D. Semikoz L. Shao O. Shchegolev Y. Z. Shen X. D. Sheng Z. D. Shi F. W. Shu H. C. Song Yu. V. Stenkin V. Stepanov Y. Su D. X. Sun H. Sun Q. N. Sun X. N. Sun Z. B. Sun N. H. Tabasam J. Takata P. H. T. Tam H. B. Tan Q. W. Tang R. Tang Z. B. Tang W. W. Tian C. N. Tong L. H. Wan C. Wang G. W. Wang H. G. Wang H. H. Wang J. C. Wang K. Wang Kai Wang Kai Wang L. P. Wang L. Y. Wang L. Y. Wang R. Wang W. Wang X. G. Wang X. J. Wang X. Y. Wang Y. Wang Y. D. Wang Z. H. Wang Z. X. Wang Zheng Wang D. M. Wei J. J. Wei Y. J. Wei T. Wen S. S. Weng C. Y. Wu H. R. Wu Q. W. Wu S. Wu X. F. Wu Y. S. Wu S. Q. Xi J. Xia J. J. Xia G. M. Xiang D. X. Xiao G. Xiao Y. L. Xin Y. Xing D. R. Xiong Z. Xiong D. L. Xu R. F. Xu R. X. Xu W. L. Xu L. Xue D. H. Yan J. Z. Yan T. Yan C. W. Yang C. Y. Yang F. F. Yang L. L. Yang M. J. Yang R. Z. Yang W. X. Yang Y. H. Yao Z. G. Yao X. A. Ye L. Q. Yin N. Yin X. H. You Z. Y. You Y. H. Yu Q. Yuan H. Yue H. D. Zeng T. X. Zeng W. Zeng M. Zha B. B. Zhang B. T. Zhang F. Zhang H. Zhang H. M. Zhang H. Y. Zhang J. L. Zhang Li Zhang P. F. Zhang P. P. Zhang R. Zhang S. R. Zhang S. S. Zhang W. Y. Zhang X. Zhang X. P. Zhang Yi Zhang Yong Zhang Z. P. Zhang J. Zhao L. Zhao L. Z. Zhao S. P. Zhao X. H. Zhao Z. H. Zhao F. Zheng W. J. Zhong B. Zhou H. Zhou J. N. Zhou M. Zhou P. Zhou R. Zhou X. X. Zhou X. X. Zhou B. Y. Zhu C. G. Zhu F. R. Zhu H. Zhu K. J. Zhu Y. C. Zou X. Zuo
author_facet	Zhen Cao F. Aharonian Y. X. Bai Y. W. Bao D. Bastieri X. J. Bi Y. J. Bi W. Bian A. V. Bukevich C. M. Cai W. Y. Cao Zhe Cao J. Chang J. F. Chang A. M. Chen E. S. Chen H. X. Chen Liang Chen Long Chen M. J. Chen M. L. Chen Q. H. Chen S. Chen S. H. Chen S. Z. Chen T. L. Chen X. B. Chen X. J. Chen Y. Chen N. Cheng Y. D. Cheng M. C. Chu M. Y. Cui S. W. Cui X. H. Cui Y. D. Cui B. Z. Dai H. L. Dai Z. G. Dai Danzengluobu Y. X. Diao X. Q. Dong K. K. Duan J. H. Fan Y. Z. Fan J. Fang J. H. Fang K. Fang C. F. Feng H. Feng L. Feng S. H. Feng X. T. Feng Y. Feng Y. L. Feng S. Gabici B. Gao C. D. Gao Q. Gao W. Gao W. K. Gao M. M. Ge T. T. Ge L. S. Geng G. Giacinti G. H. Gong Q. B. Gou M. H. Gu F. L. Guo J. Guo X. L. Guo Y. Q. Guo Y. Y. Guo Y. A. Han O. A. Hannuksela M. Hasan H. H. He H. N. He J. Y. He X. Y. He Y. He S. Hernández-Cadena Y. K. Hor B. W. Hou C. Hou X. Hou H. B. Hu S. C. Hu C. Huang D. H. Huang J. J. Huang T. Q. Huang W. J. Huang X. T. Huang X. Y. Huang Y. Huang Y. Y. Huang X. L. Ji H. Y. Jia K. Jia H. B. Jiang K. Jiang X. W. Jiang Z. J. Jiang M. Jin S. Kaci M. M. Kang I. Karpikov D. Khangulyan D. Kuleshov K. Kurinov B. B. Li Cheng Li Cong Li D. Li F. Li H. B. Li H. C. Li Jian Li Jie Li K. Li L. Li R. L. Li S. D. Li T. Y. Li W. L. Li X. R. Li Xin Li Y. Z. Li Zhe Li Zhuo Li E. W. Liang Y. F. Liang S. J. Lin B. Liu C. Liu D. Liu D. B. Liu H. Liu H. D. Liu J. Liu J. L. Liu J. R. Liu M. Y. Liu R. Y. Liu S. M. Liu W. Liu X. Liu Y. Liu Y. Liu Y. N. Liu Y. Q. Lou Q. Luo Y. Luo H. K. Lv B. Q. Ma L. L. Ma X. H. Ma J. R. Mao Z. Min W. Mitthumsiri G. B. Mou H. J. Mu Y. C. Nan A. Neronov K. C. Y. Ng M. Y. Ni L. Nie L. J. Ou P. Pattarakijwanich Z. Y. Pei J. C. Qi M. Y. Qi J. J. Qin A. Raza C. Y. Ren D. Ruffolo A. Sáiz M. Saeed D. Semikoz L. Shao O. Shchegolev Y. Z. Shen X. D. Sheng Z. D. Shi F. W. Shu H. C. Song Yu. V. Stenkin V. Stepanov Y. Su D. X. Sun H. Sun Q. N. Sun X. N. Sun Z. B. Sun N. H. Tabasam J. Takata P. H. T. Tam H. B. Tan Q. W. Tang R. Tang Z. B. Tang W. W. Tian C. N. Tong L. H. Wan C. Wang G. W. Wang H. G. Wang H. H. Wang J. C. Wang K. Wang Kai Wang Kai Wang L. P. Wang L. Y. Wang L. Y. Wang R. Wang W. Wang X. G. Wang X. J. Wang X. Y. Wang Y. Wang Y. D. Wang Z. H. Wang Z. X. Wang Zheng Wang D. M. Wei J. J. Wei Y. J. Wei T. Wen S. S. Weng C. Y. Wu H. R. Wu Q. W. Wu S. Wu X. F. Wu Y. S. Wu S. Q. Xi J. Xia J. J. Xia G. M. Xiang D. X. Xiao G. Xiao Y. L. Xin Y. Xing D. R. Xiong Z. Xiong D. L. Xu R. F. Xu R. X. Xu W. L. Xu L. Xue D. H. Yan J. Z. Yan T. Yan C. W. Yang C. Y. Yang F. F. Yang L. L. Yang M. J. Yang R. Z. Yang W. X. Yang Y. H. Yao Z. G. Yao X. A. Ye L. Q. Yin N. Yin X. H. You Z. Y. You Y. H. Yu Q. Yuan H. Yue H. D. Zeng T. X. Zeng W. Zeng M. Zha B. B. Zhang B. T. Zhang F. Zhang H. Zhang H. M. Zhang H. Y. Zhang J. L. Zhang Li Zhang P. F. Zhang P. P. Zhang R. Zhang S. R. Zhang S. S. Zhang W. Y. Zhang X. Zhang X. P. Zhang Yi Zhang Yong Zhang Z. P. Zhang J. Zhao L. Zhao L. Z. Zhao S. P. Zhao X. H. Zhao Z. H. Zhao F. Zheng W. J. Zhong B. Zhou H. Zhou J. N. Zhou M. Zhou P. Zhou R. Zhou X. X. Zhou X. X. Zhou B. Y. Zhu C. G. Zhu F. R. Zhu H. Zhu K. J. Zhu Y. C. Zou X. Zuo
author_sort	Zhen Cao
collection	DOAJ
description	Galaxy clusters act as reservoirs of high-energy cosmic rays (CRs). As CRs propagate through the intracluster medium, they generate diffuse γ -rays detectable by arrays such as LHAASO. These γ -rays result from proton–proton (pp) collisions of very high-energy cosmic rays or inverse Compton (IC) scattering of positron-electron pairs created by pγ interactions of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs). We analyzed diffuse γ -ray emission from the Coma, Perseus, and Virgo clusters using LHAASO data. Diffuse emission was modeled as a disk of radius R _500 for each cluster while accounting for point sources. No significant diffuse emission was detected, yielding 95% confidence level (C.L.) upper limits on the γ -ray flux: for WCDA (1–25 TeV) and KM2A (>25 TeV), less than (49.4, 13.7, 54.0) and (1.34, 1.14, 0.40) × 10 ^−14 ph cm ^−2 s ^−1 for Coma, Perseus, and Virgo, respectively. The γ -ray upper limits can be used to derive model-independent constraints on the integral energy of cosmic ray protons above 10 TeV (corresponding to the LHAASO observational range >1 TeV under the pp scenario) to be less than (1.96, 0.59, 0.08) × 10 ^61 erg. The absence of detectable annuli/ring-like structures, indicative of cluster accretion or merging shocks, imposes further constraints on models in which the UHECRs are accelerated in the merging shocks of galaxy clusters.
format	Article
id	doaj-art-751797f5d66945e587ccf18ccc7e4fb9
institution	OA Journals
issn	2041-8205
language	English
publishDate	2025-01-01
publisher	IOP Publishing
record_format	Article
series	The Astrophysical Journal Letters
spelling	doaj-art-751797f5d66945e587ccf18ccc7e4fb92025-08-20T01:49:22ZengIOP PublishingThe Astrophysical Journal Letters2041-82052025-01-019821L1910.3847/2041-8213/adb97dConstraining the Cosmic-Ray Energy Based on Observations of Nearby Galaxy Clusters by LHAASOZhen Cao0F. Aharonian1Y. X. Bai2Y. W. Bao3D. Bastieri4X. J. Bi5Y. J. Bi6W. Bian7A. V. Bukevich8C. M. Cai9W. Y. Cao10Zhe Cao11J. Chang12J. F. Chang13A. M. Chen14E. S. Chen15H. X. Chen16Liang Chen17Long Chen18M. J. Chen19M. L. Chen20Q. H. Chen21S. Chen22S. H. Chen23S. Z. Chen24T. L. Chen25X. B. Chen26X. J. Chen27Y. Chen28N. Cheng29Y. D. Cheng30M. C. Chu31M. Y. Cui32S. W. Cui33X. H. Cui34Y. D. Cui35B. Z. Dai36H. L. Dai37Z. G. Dai38Danzengluobu39Y. X. Diao40X. Q. Dong41K. K. Duan42J. H. Fan43Y. Z. Fan44J. Fang45J. H. Fang46K. Fang47C. F. Feng48H. Feng49L. Feng50S. H. Feng51X. T. Feng52Y. Feng53Y. L. Feng54S. Gabici55B. Gao56C. D. Gao57Q. Gao58W. Gao59W. K. Gao60M. M. Ge61T. T. Ge62L. S. Geng63G. Giacinti64G. H. Gong65Q. B. Gou66M. H. Gu67F. L. Guo68J. Guo69X. L. Guo70Y. Q. Guo71Y. Y. Guo72Y. A. Han73O. A. Hannuksela74M. Hasan75H. H. He76H. N. He77J. Y. He78X. Y. He79Y. He80S. Hernández-Cadena81Y. K. Hor82B. W. Hou83C. Hou84X. Hou85H. B. Hu86S. C. Hu87C. Huang88D. H. Huang89J. J. Huang90T. Q. Huang91W. J. Huang92X. T. Huang93X. Y. Huang94Y. Huang95Y. Y. Huang96X. L. Ji97H. Y. Jia98K. Jia99H. B. Jiang100K. Jiang101X. W. Jiang102Z. J. Jiang103M. Jin104S. Kaci105M. M. Kang106I. Karpikov107D. Khangulyan108D. Kuleshov109K. Kurinov110B. B. Li111Cheng Li112Cong Li113D. Li114F. Li115H. B. Li116H. C. Li117Jian Li118Jie Li119K. Li120L. Li121R. L. Li122S. D. Li123T. Y. Li124W. L. Li125X. R. Li126Xin Li127Y. Z. Li128Zhe Li129Zhuo Li130E. W. Liang131Y. F. Liang132S. J. Lin133B. Liu134C. Liu135D. Liu136D. B. Liu137H. Liu138H. D. Liu139J. Liu140J. L. Liu141J. R. Liu142M. Y. Liu143R. Y. Liu144S. M. Liu145W. Liu146X. Liu147Y. Liu148Y. Liu149Y. N. Liu150Y. Q. Lou151Q. Luo152Y. Luo153H. K. Lv154B. Q. Ma155L. L. Ma156X. H. Ma157J. R. Mao158Z. Min159W. Mitthumsiri160G. B. Mou161H. J. Mu162Y. C. Nan163A. Neronov164K. C. Y. Ng165M. Y. Ni166L. Nie167L. J. Ou168P. Pattarakijwanich169Z. Y. Pei170J. C. Qi171M. Y. Qi172J. J. Qin173A. Raza174C. Y. Ren175D. Ruffolo176A. Sáiz177M. Saeed178D. Semikoz179L. Shao180O. Shchegolev181Y. Z. Shen182X. D. Sheng183Z. D. Shi184F. W. Shu185H. C. Song186Yu. V. Stenkin187V. Stepanov188Y. Su189D. X. Sun190H. Sun191Q. N. Sun192X. N. Sun193Z. B. Sun194N. H. Tabasam195J. Takata196P. H. T. Tam197H. B. Tan198Q. W. Tang199R. Tang200Z. B. Tang201W. W. Tian202C. N. Tong203L. H. Wan204C. Wang205G. W. Wang206H. G. Wang207H. H. Wang208J. C. Wang209K. Wang210Kai Wang211Kai Wang212L. P. Wang213L. Y. Wang214L. Y. Wang215R. Wang216W. Wang217X. G. Wang218X. J. Wang219X. Y. Wang220Y. Wang221Y. D. Wang222Z. H. Wang223Z. X. Wang224Zheng Wang225D. M. Wei226J. J. Wei227Y. J. Wei228T. Wen229S. S. Weng230C. Y. Wu231H. R. Wu232Q. W. Wu233S. Wu234X. F. Wu235Y. S. Wu236S. Q. Xi237J. Xia238J. J. Xia239G. M. Xiang240D. X. Xiao241G. Xiao242Y. L. Xin243Y. Xing244D. R. Xiong245Z. Xiong246D. L. Xu247R. F. Xu248R. X. Xu249W. L. Xu250L. Xue251D. H. Yan252J. Z. Yan253T. Yan254C. W. Yang255C. Y. Yang256F. F. Yang257L. L. Yang258M. J. Yang259R. Z. Yang260W. X. Yang261Y. H. Yao262Z. G. Yao263X. A. Ye264L. Q. Yin265N. Yin266X. H. You267Z. Y. You268Y. H. Yu269Q. Yuan270H. Yue271H. D. Zeng272T. X. Zeng273W. Zeng274M. Zha275B. B. Zhang276B. T. Zhang277F. Zhang278H. Zhang279H. M. Zhang280H. Y. Zhang281J. L. Zhang282Li Zhang283P. F. Zhang284P. P. Zhang285R. Zhang286S. R. Zhang287S. S. Zhang288W. Y. Zhang289X. Zhang290X. P. Zhang291Yi Zhang292Yong Zhang293Z. P. Zhang294J. Zhao295L. Zhao296L. Z. Zhao297S. P. Zhao298X. H. Zhao299Z. H. Zhao300F. Zheng301W. J. Zhong302B. Zhou303H. Zhou304J. N. Zhou305M. Zhou306P. Zhou307R. Zhou308X. X. Zhou309X. X. Zhou310B. Y. Zhu311C. G. Zhu312F. R. Zhu313H. Zhu314K. J. Zhu315Y. C. Zou316X. Zuo317Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaTIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China; University of Science and Technology of China , 230026 Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China ; caowy@mail.ustc.edu.cn, yangrz@ustc.edu.cn, yuyh@ustc.edu.cn; Yerevan State University , 1 Alek Manukyan Street, Yerevan 0025, Armenia; Max-Planck-Institut for Nuclear Physics , P.O. Box 103980, 69029 Heidelberg, GermanyKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaTsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 200240 Shanghai, People’s Republic of ChinaCenter for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University , 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaTsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 200240 Shanghai, People’s Republic of ChinaInstitute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences , 117312 Moscow, RussiaSchool of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University , 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaUniversity of Science and Technology of China , 230026 Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China ; caowy@mail.ustc.edu.cn, yangrz@ustc.edu.cn, yuyh@ustc.edu.cnUniversity of Science and Technology of China , 230026 Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China ; caowy@mail.ustc.edu.cn, yangrz@ustc.edu.cn, yuyh@ustc.edu.cn; State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics , People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics , People’s Republic of ChinaTsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 200240 Shanghai, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaResearch Center for Astronomical Computing , Zhejiang Laboratory, 311121 Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of ChinaShanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 200030 Shanghai, People’s Republic of ChinaSchool of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University , 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics , People’s Republic of ChinaSchool of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University , 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaSchool of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University , 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University) , Ministry of Education, 850000 Lhasa, Tibet, People’s Republic of ChinaSchool of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of ChinaSchool of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University , 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaSchool of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaDepartment of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of ChinaHebei Normal University , 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Radio Astronomy and Technology, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100101 Beijing, People’s Republic of ChinaSchool of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University , 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of ChinaSchool of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University , 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics , People’s Republic of ChinaUniversity of Science and Technology of China , 230026 Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China ; caowy@mail.ustc.edu.cn, yangrz@ustc.edu.cn, yuyh@ustc.edu.cnKey Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University) , Ministry of Education, 850000 Lhasa, Tibet, People’s Republic of ChinaSchool of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University , 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of ChinaCenter for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University , 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of ChinaSchool of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University , 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, People’s Republic of ChinaResearch Center for Astronomical Computing , Zhejiang Laboratory, 311121 Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaInstitute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University , 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaInstitute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University , 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, People’s Republic of ChinaResearch Center for Astronomical Computing , Zhejiang Laboratory, 311121 Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University) , Ministry of Education, 850000 Lhasa, Tibet, People’s Republic of ChinaAPC, Université Paris Cité , CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/IRFU, Observatoire de Paris, 119 75205 Paris, FranceKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaInstitute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University , 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University) , Ministry of Education, 850000 Lhasa, Tibet, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaSchool of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University , 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, People’s Republic of ChinaSchool of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University , 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaTsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 200240 Shanghai, People’s Republic of ChinaDepartment of Engineering Physics & Department of Physics & Department of Astronomy , Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics , People’s Republic of ChinaShanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 200030 Shanghai, People’s Republic of ChinaDepartment of Engineering Physics & Department of Physics & Department of Astronomy , Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, People’s Republic of ChinaSchool of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University , 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of ChinaSchool of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University , 450001 Zhengzhou, Henan, People’s Republic of ChinaDepartment of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of ChinaSchool of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University , 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaTsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 200240 Shanghai, People’s Republic of ChinaSchool of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University , 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaYunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 650216 Kunming, Yunnan, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China; China Center of Advanced Science and Technology , Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of ChinaSchool of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of ChinaSchool of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University , 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaSchool of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University , 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of ChinaInstitute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University , 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China; China Center of Advanced Science and Technology , Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of ChinaSchool of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics , People’s Republic of ChinaSchool of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University , 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaInstitute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University , 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaUniversity of Science and Technology of China , 230026 Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China ; caowy@mail.ustc.edu.cn, yangrz@ustc.edu.cn, yuyh@ustc.edu.cn; State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics , People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaSchool of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University , 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, People’s Republic of ChinaSchool of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University , 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaTsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 200240 Shanghai, People’s Republic of ChinaCollege of Physics, Sichuan University , 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaInstitute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences , 117312 Moscow, RussiaKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaInstitute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences , 117312 Moscow, RussiaInstitute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences , 117312 Moscow, RussiaHebei Normal University , 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People’s Republic of ChinaUniversity of Science and Technology of China , 230026 Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China ; caowy@mail.ustc.edu.cn, yangrz@ustc.edu.cn, yuyh@ustc.edu.cn; State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics , People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics , People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaUniversity of Science and Technology of China , 230026 Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China ; caowy@mail.ustc.edu.cn, yangrz@ustc.edu.cn, yuyh@ustc.edu.cnKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics , People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaCenter for Relativistic Astrophysics and High Energy Physics, School of Physics and Materials Science & Institute of Space Science and Technology, Nanchang University , 330031 Nanchang, Jiangxi, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of ChinaUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 200030 Shanghai, People’s Republic of ChinaTsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 200240 Shanghai, People’s Republic of ChinaTsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 200240 Shanghai, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaUniversity of Science and Technology of China , 230026 Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China ; caowy@mail.ustc.edu.cn, yangrz@ustc.edu.cn, yuyh@ustc.edu.cn; State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics , People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaSchool of Physics & Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking University , 100871 Beijing, People’s Republic of ChinaGuangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University , 530004 Nanning, Guangxi, People’s Republic of ChinaGuangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University , 530004 Nanning, Guangxi, People’s Republic of ChinaSchool of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University , 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of ChinaUniversity of Science and Technology of China , 230026 Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China ; caowy@mail.ustc.edu.cn, yangrz@ustc.edu.cn, yuyh@ustc.edu.cnKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaInstitute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University , 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, People’s Republic of ChinaTsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 200240 Shanghai, People’s Republic of ChinaSchool of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University , 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaSchool of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University , 450001 Zhengzhou, Henan, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaSchool of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University , 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University) , Ministry of Education, 850000 Lhasa, Tibet, People’s Republic of ChinaSchool of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of ChinaSchool of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University , 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaSchool of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University , 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaCenter for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University , 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of ChinaSchool of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University , 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaDepartment of Engineering Physics & Department of Physics & Department of Astronomy , Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, People’s Republic of ChinaDepartment of Engineering Physics & Department of Physics & Department of Astronomy , Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, People’s Republic of ChinaSchool of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University , 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of ChinaTsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 200240 Shanghai, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaSchool of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University , 450001 Zhengzhou, Henan, People’s Republic of China; School of Physics & Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking University , 100871 Beijing, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaYunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 650216 Kunming, Yunnan, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaDepartment of Physics , Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, ThailandSchool of Physics and Technology, Nanjing Normal University , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of ChinaSchool of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University , 450001 Zhengzhou, Henan, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaAPC, Université Paris Cité , CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/IRFU, Observatoire de Paris, 119 75205 Paris, FranceDepartment of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of ChinaSchool of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University , 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaCenter for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University , 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of ChinaDepartment of Physics , Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, ThailandCenter for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University , 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaUniversity of Science and Technology of China , 230026 Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China ; caowy@mail.ustc.edu.cn, yangrz@ustc.edu.cn, yuyh@ustc.edu.cnKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of ChinaDepartment of Physics , Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, ThailandDepartment of Physics , Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, ThailandKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaAPC, Université Paris Cité , CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/IRFU, Observatoire de Paris, 119 75205 Paris, FranceHebei Normal University , 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People’s Republic of ChinaInstitute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences , 117312 Moscow, Russia; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology , 141700 Moscow, RussiaSchool of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaUniversity of Science and Technology of China , 230026 Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China ; caowy@mail.ustc.edu.cn, yangrz@ustc.edu.cn, yuyh@ustc.edu.cnCenter for Relativistic Astrophysics and High Energy Physics, School of Physics and Materials Science & Institute of Space Science and Technology, Nanchang University , 330031 Nanchang, Jiangxi, People’s Republic of ChinaSchool of Physics & Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking University , 100871 Beijing, People’s Republic of ChinaInstitute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences , 117312 Moscow, Russia; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology , 141700 Moscow, RussiaInstitute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences , 117312 Moscow, RussiaKey Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of ChinaUniversity of Science and Technology of China , 230026 Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China ; caowy@mail.ustc.edu.cn, yangrz@ustc.edu.cn, yuyh@ustc.edu.cn; Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of ChinaInstitute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University , 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaGuangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University , 530004 Nanning, Guangxi, People’s Republic of ChinaNational Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100190 Beijing, People’s Republic of ChinaInstitute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University , 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, People’s Republic of ChinaSchool of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, Hubei, People’s Republic of ChinaSchool of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University , 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of ChinaSchool of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of ChinaCenter for Relativistic Astrophysics and High Energy Physics, School of Physics and Materials Science & Institute of Space Science and Technology, Nanchang University , 330031 Nanchang, Jiangxi, People’s Republic of ChinaTsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 200240 Shanghai, People’s Republic of ChinaUniversity of Science and Technology of China , 230026 Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China ; caowy@mail.ustc.edu.cn, yangrz@ustc.edu.cn, yuyh@ustc.edu.cn; State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics , People’s Republic of ChinaUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy and Technology, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100101 Beijing, People’s Republic of ChinaSchool of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of ChinaSchool of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University , 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of ChinaNational Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100190 Beijing, People’s Republic of ChinaUniversity of Science and Technology of China , 230026 Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China ; caowy@mail.ustc.edu.cn, yangrz@ustc.edu.cn, yuyh@ustc.edu.cnCenter for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University , 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of ChinaSchool of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University , 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of ChinaYunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 650216 Kunming, Yunnan, People’s Republic of ChinaSchool of Physics & Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking University , 100871 Beijing, People’s Republic of ChinaSchool of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of ChinaSchool of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, Hubei, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaHebei Normal University , 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People’s Republic of ChinaInstitute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University , 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, People’s Republic of ChinaSchool of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University , 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of ChinaGuangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University , 530004 Nanning, Guangxi, People’s Republic of ChinaSchool of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University , 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaSchool of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of ChinaSchool of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University , 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaCollege of Physics, Sichuan University , 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaSchool of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University , 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics , People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaSchool of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University , 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, People’s Republic of ChinaSchool of Physics and Technology, Nanjing Normal University , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaSchool of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, Hubei, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of ChinaUniversity of Science and Technology of China , 230026 Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China ; caowy@mail.ustc.edu.cn, yangrz@ustc.edu.cn, yuyh@ustc.edu.cnKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaUniversity of Science and Technology of China , 230026 Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China ; caowy@mail.ustc.edu.cn, yangrz@ustc.edu.cn, yuyh@ustc.edu.cn; Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of ChinaSchool of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University , 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 200030 Shanghai, People’s Republic of ChinaHebei Normal University , 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaSchool of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University , 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaShanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 200030 Shanghai, People’s Republic of ChinaYunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 650216 Kunming, Yunnan, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaTsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 200240 Shanghai, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaSchool of Physics & Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking University , 100871 Beijing, People’s Republic of ChinaCollege of Physics, Sichuan University , 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaInstitute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University , 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, People’s Republic of ChinaSchool of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University , 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaCollege of Physics, Sichuan University , 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaYunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 650216 Kunming, Yunnan, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics , People’s Republic of ChinaSchool of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University , 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaUniversity of Science and Technology of China , 230026 Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China ; caowy@mail.ustc.edu.cn, yangrz@ustc.edu.cn, yuyh@ustc.edu.cnCenter for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University , 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaInstitute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University , 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaUniversity of Science and Technology of China , 230026 Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China ; caowy@mail.ustc.edu.cn, yangrz@ustc.edu.cn, yuyh@ustc.edu.cnKey Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics , People’s Republic of ChinaSchool of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University , 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaSchool of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaSchool of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University , 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaTsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 200240 Shanghai, People’s Republic of ChinaGuangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University , 530004 Nanning, Guangxi, People’s Republic of ChinaSchool of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University , 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Radio Astronomy and Technology, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100101 Beijing, People’s Republic of ChinaSchool of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University , 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, People’s Republic of ChinaSchool of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University , 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, People’s Republic of ChinaUniversity of Science and Technology of China , 230026 Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China ; caowy@mail.ustc.edu.cn, yangrz@ustc.edu.cn, yuyh@ustc.edu.cn; Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of ChinaHebei Normal University , 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaHebei Normal University , 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People’s Republic of ChinaSchool of Physics and Technology, Nanjing Normal University , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaUniversity of Science and Technology of China , 230026 Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China ; caowy@mail.ustc.edu.cn, yangrz@ustc.edu.cn, yuyh@ustc.edu.cnKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaUniversity of Science and Technology of China , 230026 Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China ; caowy@mail.ustc.edu.cn, yangrz@ustc.edu.cn, yuyh@ustc.edu.cn; State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics , People’s Republic of ChinaHebei Normal University , 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of ChinaYunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 650216 Kunming, Yunnan, People’s Republic of ChinaUniversity of Science and Technology of China , 230026 Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China ; caowy@mail.ustc.edu.cn, yangrz@ustc.edu.cn, yuyh@ustc.edu.cnNational Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100190 Beijing, People’s Republic of ChinaSchool of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaTsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 200240 Shanghai, People’s Republic of ChinaShanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 200030 Shanghai, People’s Republic of ChinaCenter for Relativistic Astrophysics and High Energy Physics, School of Physics and Materials Science & Institute of Space Science and Technology, Nanchang University , 330031 Nanchang, Jiangxi, People’s Republic of ChinaSchool of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of ChinaCollege of Physics, Sichuan University , 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaSchool of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University , 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaUniversity of Science and Technology of China , 230026 Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China ; caowy@mail.ustc.edu.cn, yangrz@ustc.edu.cn, yuyh@ustc.edu.cn; Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of ChinaInstitute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University , 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, People’s Republic of ChinaSchool of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University , 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Radio Astronomy and Technology, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100101 Beijing, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics , People’s Republic of ChinaSchool of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, Hubei, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaGalaxy clusters act as reservoirs of high-energy cosmic rays (CRs). As CRs propagate through the intracluster medium, they generate diffuse γ -rays detectable by arrays such as LHAASO. These γ -rays result from proton–proton (pp) collisions of very high-energy cosmic rays or inverse Compton (IC) scattering of positron-electron pairs created by pγ interactions of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs). We analyzed diffuse γ -ray emission from the Coma, Perseus, and Virgo clusters using LHAASO data. Diffuse emission was modeled as a disk of radius R _500 for each cluster while accounting for point sources. No significant diffuse emission was detected, yielding 95% confidence level (C.L.) upper limits on the γ -ray flux: for WCDA (1–25 TeV) and KM2A (>25 TeV), less than (49.4, 13.7, 54.0) and (1.34, 1.14, 0.40) × 10 ^−14 ph cm ^−2 s ^−1 for Coma, Perseus, and Virgo, respectively. The γ -ray upper limits can be used to derive model-independent constraints on the integral energy of cosmic ray protons above 10 TeV (corresponding to the LHAASO observational range >1 TeV under the pp scenario) to be less than (1.96, 0.59, 0.08) × 10 ^61 erg. The absence of detectable annuli/ring-like structures, indicative of cluster accretion or merging shocks, imposes further constraints on models in which the UHECRs are accelerated in the merging shocks of galaxy clusters.https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/adb97dGalaxy clustersGamma-ray sourcesUltra-high-energy cosmic radiationPerseus ClusterComa ClusterVirgo Cluster
spellingShingle	Zhen Cao F. Aharonian Y. X. Bai Y. W. Bao D. Bastieri X. J. Bi Y. J. Bi W. Bian A. V. Bukevich C. M. Cai W. Y. Cao Zhe Cao J. Chang J. F. Chang A. M. Chen E. S. Chen H. X. Chen Liang Chen Long Chen M. J. Chen M. L. Chen Q. H. Chen S. Chen S. H. Chen S. Z. Chen T. L. Chen X. B. Chen X. J. Chen Y. Chen N. Cheng Y. D. Cheng M. C. Chu M. Y. Cui S. W. Cui X. H. Cui Y. D. Cui B. Z. Dai H. L. Dai Z. G. Dai Danzengluobu Y. X. Diao X. Q. Dong K. K. Duan J. H. Fan Y. Z. Fan J. Fang J. H. Fang K. Fang C. F. Feng H. Feng L. Feng S. H. Feng X. T. Feng Y. Feng Y. L. Feng S. Gabici B. Gao C. D. Gao Q. Gao W. Gao W. K. Gao M. M. Ge T. T. Ge L. S. Geng G. Giacinti G. H. Gong Q. B. Gou M. H. Gu F. L. Guo J. Guo X. L. Guo Y. Q. Guo Y. Y. Guo Y. A. Han O. A. Hannuksela M. Hasan H. H. He H. N. He J. Y. He X. Y. He Y. He S. Hernández-Cadena Y. K. Hor B. W. Hou C. Hou X. Hou H. B. Hu S. C. Hu C. Huang D. H. Huang J. J. Huang T. Q. Huang W. J. Huang X. T. Huang X. Y. Huang Y. Huang Y. Y. Huang X. L. Ji H. Y. Jia K. Jia H. B. Jiang K. Jiang X. W. Jiang Z. J. Jiang M. Jin S. Kaci M. M. Kang I. Karpikov D. Khangulyan D. Kuleshov K. Kurinov B. B. Li Cheng Li Cong Li D. Li F. Li H. B. Li H. C. Li Jian Li Jie Li K. Li L. Li R. L. Li S. D. Li T. Y. Li W. L. Li X. R. Li Xin Li Y. Z. Li Zhe Li Zhuo Li E. W. Liang Y. F. Liang S. J. Lin B. Liu C. Liu D. Liu D. B. Liu H. Liu H. D. Liu J. Liu J. L. Liu J. R. Liu M. Y. Liu R. Y. Liu S. M. Liu W. Liu X. Liu Y. Liu Y. Liu Y. N. Liu Y. Q. Lou Q. Luo Y. Luo H. K. Lv B. Q. Ma L. L. Ma X. H. Ma J. R. Mao Z. Min W. Mitthumsiri G. B. Mou H. J. Mu Y. C. Nan A. Neronov K. C. Y. Ng M. Y. Ni L. Nie L. J. Ou P. Pattarakijwanich Z. Y. Pei J. C. Qi M. Y. Qi J. J. Qin A. Raza C. Y. Ren D. Ruffolo A. Sáiz M. Saeed D. Semikoz L. Shao O. Shchegolev Y. Z. Shen X. D. Sheng Z. D. Shi F. W. Shu H. C. Song Yu. V. Stenkin V. Stepanov Y. Su D. X. Sun H. Sun Q. N. Sun X. N. Sun Z. B. Sun N. H. Tabasam J. Takata P. H. T. Tam H. B. Tan Q. W. Tang R. Tang Z. B. Tang W. W. Tian C. N. Tong L. H. Wan C. Wang G. W. Wang H. G. Wang H. H. Wang J. C. Wang K. Wang Kai Wang Kai Wang L. P. Wang L. Y. Wang L. Y. Wang R. Wang W. Wang X. G. Wang X. J. Wang X. Y. Wang Y. Wang Y. D. Wang Z. H. Wang Z. X. Wang Zheng Wang D. M. Wei J. J. Wei Y. J. Wei T. Wen S. S. Weng C. Y. Wu H. R. Wu Q. W. Wu S. Wu X. F. Wu Y. S. Wu S. Q. Xi J. Xia J. J. Xia G. M. Xiang D. X. Xiao G. Xiao Y. L. Xin Y. Xing D. R. Xiong Z. Xiong D. L. Xu R. F. Xu R. X. Xu W. L. Xu L. Xue D. H. Yan J. Z. Yan T. Yan C. W. Yang C. Y. Yang F. F. Yang L. L. Yang M. J. Yang R. Z. Yang W. X. Yang Y. H. Yao Z. G. Yao X. A. Ye L. Q. Yin N. Yin X. H. You Z. Y. You Y. H. Yu Q. Yuan H. Yue H. D. Zeng T. X. Zeng W. Zeng M. Zha B. B. Zhang B. T. Zhang F. Zhang H. Zhang H. M. Zhang H. Y. Zhang J. L. Zhang Li Zhang P. F. Zhang P. P. Zhang R. Zhang S. R. Zhang S. S. Zhang W. Y. Zhang X. Zhang X. P. Zhang Yi Zhang Yong Zhang Z. P. Zhang J. Zhao L. Zhao L. Z. Zhao S. P. Zhao X. H. Zhao Z. H. Zhao F. Zheng W. J. Zhong B. Zhou H. Zhou J. N. Zhou M. Zhou P. Zhou R. Zhou X. X. Zhou X. X. Zhou B. Y. Zhu C. G. Zhu F. R. Zhu H. Zhu K. J. Zhu Y. C. Zou X. Zuo Constraining the Cosmic-Ray Energy Based on Observations of Nearby Galaxy Clusters by LHAASO The Astrophysical Journal Letters Galaxy clusters Gamma-ray sources Ultra-high-energy cosmic radiation Perseus Cluster Coma Cluster Virgo Cluster
title	Constraining the Cosmic-Ray Energy Based on Observations of Nearby Galaxy Clusters by LHAASO
title_full	Constraining the Cosmic-Ray Energy Based on Observations of Nearby Galaxy Clusters by LHAASO
title_fullStr	Constraining the Cosmic-Ray Energy Based on Observations of Nearby Galaxy Clusters by LHAASO
title_full_unstemmed	Constraining the Cosmic-Ray Energy Based on Observations of Nearby Galaxy Clusters by LHAASO
title_short	Constraining the Cosmic-Ray Energy Based on Observations of Nearby Galaxy Clusters by LHAASO
title_sort	constraining the cosmic ray energy based on observations of nearby galaxy clusters by lhaaso
topic	Galaxy clusters Gamma-ray sources Ultra-high-energy cosmic radiation Perseus Cluster Coma Cluster Virgo Cluster
url	https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/adb97d
work_keys_str_mv	AT zhencao constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT faharonian constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT yxbai constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT ywbao constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT dbastieri constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT xjbi constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT yjbi constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT wbian constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT avbukevich constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT cmcai constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT wycao constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT zhecao constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT jchang constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT jfchang constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT amchen constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT eschen constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT hxchen constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT liangchen constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT longchen constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT mjchen constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT mlchen constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT qhchen constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT schen constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT shchen constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT szchen constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT tlchen constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT xbchen constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT xjchen constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT ychen constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT ncheng constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT ydcheng constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT mcchu constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT mycui constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT swcui constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT xhcui constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT ydcui constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT bzdai constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT hldai constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT zgdai constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT danzengluobu constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT yxdiao constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT xqdong constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT kkduan constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT jhfan constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT yzfan constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT jfang constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT jhfang constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT kfang constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT cffeng constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT hfeng constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT lfeng constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT shfeng constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT xtfeng constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT yfeng constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT ylfeng constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT sgabici constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT bgao constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT cdgao constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT qgao constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT wgao constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT wkgao constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT mmge constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT ttge constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT lsgeng constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT ggiacinti constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT ghgong constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT qbgou constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT mhgu constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT flguo constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT jguo constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT xlguo constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT yqguo constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT yyguo constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT yahan constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT oahannuksela constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT mhasan constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT hhhe constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT hnhe constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT jyhe constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT xyhe constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT yhe constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT shernandezcadena constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT ykhor constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT bwhou constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT chou constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT xhou constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT hbhu constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT schu constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT chuang constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT dhhuang constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT jjhuang constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT tqhuang constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT wjhuang constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT xthuang constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT xyhuang constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT yhuang constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT yyhuang constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT xlji constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT hyjia constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT kjia constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT hbjiang constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT kjiang constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT xwjiang constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT zjjiang constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT mjin constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT skaci constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT mmkang constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT ikarpikov constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT dkhangulyan constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT dkuleshov constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT kkurinov constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT bbli constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT chengli constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT congli constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT dli constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT fli constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT hbli constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT hcli constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT jianli constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT jieli constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT kli constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT lli constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT rlli constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT sdli constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT tyli constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT wlli constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT xrli constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT xinli constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT yzli constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT zheli constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT zhuoli constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT ewliang constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT yfliang constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT sjlin constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT bliu constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT cliu constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT dliu constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT dbliu constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT hliu constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT hdliu constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT jliu constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT jlliu constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT jrliu constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT myliu constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT ryliu constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT smliu constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT wliu constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT xliu constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT yliu constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT yliu constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT ynliu constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT yqlou constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT qluo constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT yluo constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT hklv constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT bqma constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT llma constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT xhma constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT jrmao constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT zmin constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT wmitthumsiri constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT gbmou constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT hjmu constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT ycnan constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT aneronov constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT kcyng constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT myni constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT lnie constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT ljou constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT ppattarakijwanich constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT zypei constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT jcqi constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT myqi constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT jjqin constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT araza constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT cyren constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT druffolo constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT asaiz constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT msaeed constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT dsemikoz constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT lshao constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT oshchegolev constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT yzshen constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT xdsheng constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT zdshi constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT fwshu constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT hcsong constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT yuvstenkin constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT vstepanov constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT ysu constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT dxsun constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT hsun constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT qnsun constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT xnsun constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT zbsun constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT nhtabasam constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT jtakata constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT phttam constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT hbtan constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT qwtang constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT rtang constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT zbtang constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT wwtian constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT cntong constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT lhwan constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT cwang constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT gwwang constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT hgwang constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT hhwang constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT jcwang constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT kwang constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT kaiwang constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT kaiwang constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT lpwang constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT lywang constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT lywang constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT rwang constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT wwang constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT xgwang constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT xjwang constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT xywang constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT ywang constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT ydwang constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT zhwang constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT zxwang constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT zhengwang constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT dmwei constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT jjwei constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT yjwei constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT twen constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT ssweng constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT cywu constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT hrwu constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT qwwu constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT swu constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT xfwu constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT yswu constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT sqxi constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT jxia constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT jjxia constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT gmxiang constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT dxxiao constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT gxiao constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT ylxin constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT yxing constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT drxiong constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT zxiong constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT dlxu constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT rfxu constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT rxxu constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT wlxu constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT lxue constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT dhyan constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT jzyan constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT tyan constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT cwyang constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT cyyang constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT ffyang constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT llyang constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT mjyang constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT rzyang constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT wxyang constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT yhyao constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT zgyao constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT xaye constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT lqyin constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT nyin constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT xhyou constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT zyyou constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT yhyu constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT qyuan constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT hyue constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT hdzeng constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT txzeng constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT wzeng constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT mzha constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT bbzhang constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT btzhang constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT fzhang constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT hzhang constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT hmzhang constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT hyzhang constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT jlzhang constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT lizhang constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT pfzhang constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT ppzhang constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT rzhang constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT srzhang constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT sszhang constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT wyzhang constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT xzhang constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT xpzhang constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT yizhang constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT yongzhang constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT zpzhang constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT jzhao constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT lzhao constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT lzzhao constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT spzhao constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT xhzhao constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT zhzhao constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT fzheng constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT wjzhong constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT bzhou constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT hzhou constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT jnzhou constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT mzhou constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT pzhou constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT rzhou constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT xxzhou constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT xxzhou constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT byzhu constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT cgzhu constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT frzhu constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT hzhu constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT kjzhu constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT yczou constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso AT xzuo constrainingthecosmicrayenergybasedonobservationsofnearbygalaxyclustersbylhaaso

Constraining the Cosmic-Ray Energy Based on Observations of Nearby Galaxy Clusters by LHAASO

Similar Items