The Intermediate-mass Black Hole Reverberation Mapping Project: First Detection of Mid-infrared Lags in Prototypical Intermediate-mass Black Holes in NGC 4395 and POX 52
The search for robust evidence of intermediate-mass black holes (IMBHs) is crucial for understanding the black hole seeding process and the formation of supermassive black holes in the early Universe. NGC 4395 and POX 52 are two prototypical IMBH hosts, both exhibiting multiline evidence of low-mass...
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2025-01-01
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| author | Jingbo Sun Hengxiao Guo Wenwen Zuo Paulina Lira Minfeng Gu Philip G. Edwards Shu Wang Jamie Stevens Tao An Samuzal Barua Zhen-yi Cai Haicheng Feng Alok C. Gupta Luis C. Ho Dragana Ilić Andjelka B. Kovačević ShaSha Li Mar Mezcua Luka Č. Popović Paula Sánchez-Sáez Mouyuan Sun Rongfeng Shen Vivian U Oliver Vince Junxian Wang Xuebing Wu Zhefu Yu Zhenya Zheng |
| author_facet | Jingbo Sun Hengxiao Guo Wenwen Zuo Paulina Lira Minfeng Gu Philip G. Edwards Shu Wang Jamie Stevens Tao An Samuzal Barua Zhen-yi Cai Haicheng Feng Alok C. Gupta Luis C. Ho Dragana Ilić Andjelka B. Kovačević ShaSha Li Mar Mezcua Luka Č. Popović Paula Sánchez-Sáez Mouyuan Sun Rongfeng Shen Vivian U Oliver Vince Junxian Wang Xuebing Wu Zhefu Yu Zhenya Zheng |
| author_sort | Jingbo Sun |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The search for robust evidence of intermediate-mass black holes (IMBHs) is crucial for understanding the black hole seeding process and the formation of supermassive black holes in the early Universe. NGC 4395 and POX 52 are two prototypical IMBH hosts, both exhibiting multiline evidence of low-mass black hole activity. Here we report the first detection of mid-infrared lags in response to optical variability, with measurements of $3.{0}_{-1.9}^{+2.4}$ days for NGC 4395 and $35.{2}_{-11.7}^{+14.2}$ days for POX 52 at 3.4 μ m, respectively, using archival optical data and observations from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer. This detection provides the first reverberation evidence of low-mass black hole activity in POX 52. The time lags of these two low-mass, low-luminosity active galactic nuclei (AGNs) generally follow the extent of the R _dust – L _5100 relation found in higher-mass AGNs. Based on an empirical relation between the broad-line region and dusty torus size, we constrain the black hole mass of POX 52 to log( M _BH / M _⊙ ) = 5.5 ± 0.37 (systemic and statistical errors), confirming its IMBH nature. Furthermore, long-term optical continuum monitoring of POX 52 reveals a mild interband lag of ≲1 day. However, no significant intranight variability was detected during its one-night, high-cadence monitoring, which we attribute to the longer duty cycle of fast variability in POX 52 compared to that in NGC 4395. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-743ffc39427e446ea6ca33d076bb4ef8 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2041-8205 |
| language | English |
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| spelling | doaj-art-743ffc39427e446ea6ca33d076bb4ef82025-08-20T03:04:06ZengIOP PublishingThe Astrophysical Journal Letters2041-82052025-01-019892L2610.3847/2041-8213/adf3a3The Intermediate-mass Black Hole Reverberation Mapping Project: First Detection of Mid-infrared Lags in Prototypical Intermediate-mass Black Holes in NGC 4395 and POX 52Jingbo Sun0https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3472-4392Hengxiao Guo1https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8416-7059Wenwen Zuo2https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4521-6281Paulina Lira3https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1523-9164Minfeng Gu4https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4455-6946Philip G. Edwards5https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8186-4753Shu Wang6https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2052-6400Jamie Stevens7https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5841-3348Tao An8https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4341-0029Samuzal Barua9https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5248-2422Zhen-yi Cai10https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4223-2198Haicheng Feng11https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1530-2680Alok C. Gupta12https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9331-4388Luis C. Ho13https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6947-5846Dragana Ilić14https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1134-4015Andjelka B. Kovačević15https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5139-1978ShaSha Li16https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3823-3419Mar Mezcua17https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4440-259XLuka Č. Popović18https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2398-7664Paula Sánchez-Sáez19https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0820-4692Mouyuan Sun20https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0771-2153Rongfeng Shen21https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5012-2362Vivian U22https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1912-0024Oliver Vince23https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5761-3701Junxian Wang24https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4419-6434Xuebing Wu25https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7350-6913Zhefu Yu26https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0644-9282Zhenya Zheng27https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9634-2923Shanghai Astronomical Observatory , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, People’s Republic of China ; sunjingbo@shao.ac.cn, hengxiaoguo@gmail.com; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 19A Yuquan Road, 100049, Beijing, People’s Republic of ChinaShanghai Astronomical Observatory , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, People’s Republic of China ; sunjingbo@shao.ac.cn, hengxiaoguo@gmail.comShanghai Astronomical Observatory , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, People’s Republic of China ; sunjingbo@shao.ac.cn, hengxiaoguo@gmail.comDepartamento de Astronom ìa, Universidad de Chile , Casilla 36D, Santiago, ChileShanghai Astronomical Observatory , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, People’s Republic of China ; sunjingbo@shao.ac.cn, hengxiaoguo@gmail.comCSIRO Astronomy and Space Science , PO Box 76, Epping, NSW, 1710, AustraliaDepartment of Physics & Astronomy, Seoul National University , Seoul 08826, Republic of KoreaCSIRO Astronomy and Space Science , PO Box 76, Epping, NSW, 1710, AustraliaShanghai Astronomical Observatory , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, People’s Republic of China ; sunjingbo@shao.ac.cn, hengxiaoguo@gmail.comShanghai Astronomical Observatory , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, People’s Republic of China ; sunjingbo@shao.ac.cn, hengxiaoguo@gmail.comDepartment of Astronomy, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic of China; School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026, People’s Republic of ChinaYunnan Observatories , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 396 Yangfangwang, Guandu District, Kunming 650216, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China; Key Laboratory for the Structure and Evolution of Celestial Objects , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650216, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China; Center for Astronomical Mega-Science , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20A Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100012, People’s Republic of ChinaAryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES) , Manora Peak, Nainital 263001, IndiaDepartment of Astronomy, School of Physics, Peking University , Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China; Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking University , Beijing, 100871, People’s Republic of ChinaUniversity of Belgrade—Faculty of Mathematics , Department of Astronomy, Studentski trg 16, Belgrade, Serbia; Hamburger Sternwarte, Universitat Hamburg , Gojenbergsweg 112, D-21029 Hamburg, GermanyUniversity of Belgrade—Faculty of Mathematics , Department of Astronomy, Studentski trg 16, Belgrade, SerbiaYunnan Observatories , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 396 Yangfangwang, Guandu District, Kunming 650216, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China; Key Laboratory for the Structure and Evolution of Celestial Objects , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650216, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China; Center for Astronomical Mega-Science , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20A Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100012, People’s Republic of ChinaInstitute of Space Sciences (ICE , CSIC), Campus UAB, Carrer de Magrans, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC) , Edifici RDIT, Campus UPC, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), SpainUniversity of Belgrade—Faculty of Mathematics , Department of Astronomy, Studentski trg 16, Belgrade, Serbia; Astronomical Observatory , Volgina 7, 11060 Belgrade, SerbiaEuropean Southern Observatory , Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 2, 85748, Garching, GermanyDepartment of Astronomy, Xiamen University , Xiamen, Fujian 361005, People’s Republic of ChinaSchool of Physics and Astronomy, Sun Yat-Sen University , Zhuhai, 519082, People’s Republic of China; CSST Science Center for the Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Greater Bay Area , Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519082, People’s Republic of ChinaIPAC , Caltech, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Department of Physics and Astronomy , 4129 Frederick Reines Hall, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USAShanghai Astronomical Observatory , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, People’s Republic of China ; sunjingbo@shao.ac.cn, hengxiaoguo@gmail.com; Astronomical Observatory , Volgina 7, 11060 Belgrade, SerbiaSchool of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026, People’s Republic of China; CAS Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Department of Astronomy, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic of ChinaDepartment of Astronomy, School of Physics, Peking University , Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China; Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking University , Beijing, 100871, People’s Republic of ChinaKavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (KIPAC), Stanford University , Stanford, CA 94305, USAShanghai Astronomical Observatory , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, People’s Republic of China ; sunjingbo@shao.ac.cn, hengxiaoguo@gmail.comThe search for robust evidence of intermediate-mass black holes (IMBHs) is crucial for understanding the black hole seeding process and the formation of supermassive black holes in the early Universe. NGC 4395 and POX 52 are two prototypical IMBH hosts, both exhibiting multiline evidence of low-mass black hole activity. Here we report the first detection of mid-infrared lags in response to optical variability, with measurements of $3.{0}_{-1.9}^{+2.4}$ days for NGC 4395 and $35.{2}_{-11.7}^{+14.2}$ days for POX 52 at 3.4 μ m, respectively, using archival optical data and observations from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer. This detection provides the first reverberation evidence of low-mass black hole activity in POX 52. The time lags of these two low-mass, low-luminosity active galactic nuclei (AGNs) generally follow the extent of the R _dust – L _5100 relation found in higher-mass AGNs. Based on an empirical relation between the broad-line region and dusty torus size, we constrain the black hole mass of POX 52 to log( M _BH / M _⊙ ) = 5.5 ± 0.37 (systemic and statistical errors), confirming its IMBH nature. Furthermore, long-term optical continuum monitoring of POX 52 reveals a mild interband lag of ≲1 day. However, no significant intranight variability was detected during its one-night, high-cadence monitoring, which we attribute to the longer duty cycle of fast variability in POX 52 compared to that in NGC 4395.https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/adf3a3Intermediate-mass black holes |
| spellingShingle | Jingbo Sun Hengxiao Guo Wenwen Zuo Paulina Lira Minfeng Gu Philip G. Edwards Shu Wang Jamie Stevens Tao An Samuzal Barua Zhen-yi Cai Haicheng Feng Alok C. Gupta Luis C. Ho Dragana Ilić Andjelka B. Kovačević ShaSha Li Mar Mezcua Luka Č. Popović Paula Sánchez-Sáez Mouyuan Sun Rongfeng Shen Vivian U Oliver Vince Junxian Wang Xuebing Wu Zhefu Yu Zhenya Zheng The Intermediate-mass Black Hole Reverberation Mapping Project: First Detection of Mid-infrared Lags in Prototypical Intermediate-mass Black Holes in NGC 4395 and POX 52 The Astrophysical Journal Letters Intermediate-mass black holes |
| title | The Intermediate-mass Black Hole Reverberation Mapping Project: First Detection of Mid-infrared Lags in Prototypical Intermediate-mass Black Holes in NGC 4395 and POX 52 |
| title_full | The Intermediate-mass Black Hole Reverberation Mapping Project: First Detection of Mid-infrared Lags in Prototypical Intermediate-mass Black Holes in NGC 4395 and POX 52 |
| title_fullStr | The Intermediate-mass Black Hole Reverberation Mapping Project: First Detection of Mid-infrared Lags in Prototypical Intermediate-mass Black Holes in NGC 4395 and POX 52 |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Intermediate-mass Black Hole Reverberation Mapping Project: First Detection of Mid-infrared Lags in Prototypical Intermediate-mass Black Holes in NGC 4395 and POX 52 |
| title_short | The Intermediate-mass Black Hole Reverberation Mapping Project: First Detection of Mid-infrared Lags in Prototypical Intermediate-mass Black Holes in NGC 4395 and POX 52 |
| title_sort | intermediate mass black hole reverberation mapping project first detection of mid infrared lags in prototypical intermediate mass black holes in ngc 4395 and pox 52 |
| topic | Intermediate-mass black holes |
| url | https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/adf3a3 |
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