Comparative Effects of Resistance Training Modalities on Mental Health and Quality of Life in Individuals with Spinal Cord Injury

Background: Anxiety and depression are prevalent after spinal cord injury, impairing social participation and quality of life. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effects of traditional resistance training (TRT), flywheel resistance training (FWRT), and high-velocity resistance training (...

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Main Authors: Lucas Vieira Santos, Karla Raphaela da Silva Ramos Freitas, Eveline Torres Pereira, Luciano Bernardes Leite, Pedro Forte, Claudia Eliza Patrocínio de Oliveira, Osvaldo Costa Moreira
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-02-01
Series:Sports
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4663/13/2/60
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author Lucas Vieira Santos
Karla Raphaela da Silva Ramos Freitas
Eveline Torres Pereira
Luciano Bernardes Leite
Pedro Forte
Claudia Eliza Patrocínio de Oliveira
Osvaldo Costa Moreira
author_facet Lucas Vieira Santos
Karla Raphaela da Silva Ramos Freitas
Eveline Torres Pereira
Luciano Bernardes Leite
Pedro Forte
Claudia Eliza Patrocínio de Oliveira
Osvaldo Costa Moreira
author_sort Lucas Vieira Santos
collection DOAJ
description Background: Anxiety and depression are prevalent after spinal cord injury, impairing social participation and quality of life. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effects of traditional resistance training (TRT), flywheel resistance training (FWRT), and high-velocity resistance training (HVRT) on the mental health and quality of life in individuals with spinal cord injury. Methods: Thirty-two participants were divided into TRT (n = 12), FWRT (n = 8), and HVRT (n = 12) groups, undergoing 8 weeks of upper-limb training twice weekly under super-vision. Training intensity and volume were progressively increased. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and SF-36 Questionnaire were used to assess outcomes. Results: Both the TRT and FWRT groups showed a reduction in HADS-D scores post-intervention (<i>p</i> < 0.001). The TRT group also presented a significant reduction in HADS-A scores post-intervention (<i>p</i> = 0.003). Concerning quality of life, after training, TRT showed improvements in social functioning (<i>p</i> = 0.013), FWRT improved scores in physical functioning (<i>p</i> = 0.002), bodily pain (<i>p</i> = 0.002), vitality (<i>p</i> = 0.046), and role emotional (<i>p</i> < 0.001), while HVRT enhanced role physical (<i>p</i> < 0.001), social functioning (<i>p</i> = 0.013), and role emotional (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Conclusion: Overall, TRT was the most effective in reducing anxiety and depression and enhancing quality of life, while FWRT showed notable gains in physical and functional capacity. HVRT demonstrated improvements primarily in role physical but was less effective in other domains.
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spelling doaj-art-74333de1ff684084bae67fc8100a215f2025-08-20T02:44:39ZengMDPI AGSports2075-46632025-02-011326010.3390/sports13020060Comparative Effects of Resistance Training Modalities on Mental Health and Quality of Life in Individuals with Spinal Cord InjuryLucas Vieira Santos0Karla Raphaela da Silva Ramos Freitas1Eveline Torres Pereira2Luciano Bernardes Leite3Pedro Forte4Claudia Eliza Patrocínio de Oliveira5Osvaldo Costa Moreira6Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, BrazilDepartment of Physical Education, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, BrazilDepartment of Physical Education, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, BrazilDepartment of Physical Education, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, BrazilDepartment of Sports, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, PortugalDepartment of Physical Education, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, BrazilInstitute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Viçosa—Florestal Campus, Florestal 35690-000, BrazilBackground: Anxiety and depression are prevalent after spinal cord injury, impairing social participation and quality of life. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effects of traditional resistance training (TRT), flywheel resistance training (FWRT), and high-velocity resistance training (HVRT) on the mental health and quality of life in individuals with spinal cord injury. Methods: Thirty-two participants were divided into TRT (n = 12), FWRT (n = 8), and HVRT (n = 12) groups, undergoing 8 weeks of upper-limb training twice weekly under super-vision. Training intensity and volume were progressively increased. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and SF-36 Questionnaire were used to assess outcomes. Results: Both the TRT and FWRT groups showed a reduction in HADS-D scores post-intervention (<i>p</i> < 0.001). The TRT group also presented a significant reduction in HADS-A scores post-intervention (<i>p</i> = 0.003). Concerning quality of life, after training, TRT showed improvements in social functioning (<i>p</i> = 0.013), FWRT improved scores in physical functioning (<i>p</i> = 0.002), bodily pain (<i>p</i> = 0.002), vitality (<i>p</i> = 0.046), and role emotional (<i>p</i> < 0.001), while HVRT enhanced role physical (<i>p</i> < 0.001), social functioning (<i>p</i> = 0.013), and role emotional (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Conclusion: Overall, TRT was the most effective in reducing anxiety and depression and enhancing quality of life, while FWRT showed notable gains in physical and functional capacity. HVRT demonstrated improvements primarily in role physical but was less effective in other domains.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4663/13/2/60functional capacityparaplegiaeccentric resistance trainingpower trainingquality of life
spellingShingle Lucas Vieira Santos
Karla Raphaela da Silva Ramos Freitas
Eveline Torres Pereira
Luciano Bernardes Leite
Pedro Forte
Claudia Eliza Patrocínio de Oliveira
Osvaldo Costa Moreira
Comparative Effects of Resistance Training Modalities on Mental Health and Quality of Life in Individuals with Spinal Cord Injury
Sports
functional capacity
paraplegia
eccentric resistance training
power training
quality of life
title Comparative Effects of Resistance Training Modalities on Mental Health and Quality of Life in Individuals with Spinal Cord Injury
title_full Comparative Effects of Resistance Training Modalities on Mental Health and Quality of Life in Individuals with Spinal Cord Injury
title_fullStr Comparative Effects of Resistance Training Modalities on Mental Health and Quality of Life in Individuals with Spinal Cord Injury
title_full_unstemmed Comparative Effects of Resistance Training Modalities on Mental Health and Quality of Life in Individuals with Spinal Cord Injury
title_short Comparative Effects of Resistance Training Modalities on Mental Health and Quality of Life in Individuals with Spinal Cord Injury
title_sort comparative effects of resistance training modalities on mental health and quality of life in individuals with spinal cord injury
topic functional capacity
paraplegia
eccentric resistance training
power training
quality of life
url https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4663/13/2/60
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