Determining water status of walnut orchards using the crop water stress index and canopy temperature measurements
Abstract Background Accurately evaluating the water status of walnuts in different growth stages is fundamental to implementing deficit irrigation strategies and improving the yield of walnuts. The crop water stress index (CWSI) based on the canopy temperature is one of the most commonly used tools...
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BMC
2025-04-01
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| Series: | Plant Methods |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s13007-025-01364-x |
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| author | Lian Mao Sen Lu Linqi Liu Zhipeng Li Baoqing Wang Dong Pei Yongchao Bai |
| author_facet | Lian Mao Sen Lu Linqi Liu Zhipeng Li Baoqing Wang Dong Pei Yongchao Bai |
| author_sort | Lian Mao |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background Accurately evaluating the water status of walnuts in different growth stages is fundamental to implementing deficit irrigation strategies and improving the yield of walnuts. The crop water stress index (CWSI) based on the canopy temperature is one of the most commonly used tools for current research on plant water monitoring. However, the suitability and effectiveness of using the CWSI as an indicator of the walnut water status under field conditions are still unclear. This paper focuses on walnut orchards in Northwest China using synchronous monitoring of the canopy temperature, meteorological parameters, and water physiological parameters of walnut trees under both full irrigation and deficit irrigation treatments. The aim is to test the effectiveness of the simplified crop water stress index (CWSIs) and the theoretical crop water stress index (CWSIt) in tracking the diurnal and daily variations of the water conditions in walnut orchards. Results The CWSIs can reflect the diurnal and daily changes in the water status of walnut orchards. It was found that the CWSIs at 12:00 local time had the best performance in tracking the daily changes in the water status. Compared to the daily averaged CWSI calculated using the measured transpiration (CWSITr_day), the correlation coefficient, index of agreement, and root mean squared error between the CWSIs and CWSITr_day were 0.82, 0.94, and 0.11, respectively. However, due to the calculation errors of the aerodynamic resistance in walnut trees, the CWSIt was unable to track the diurnal variations in the water status in walnut orchards and the degree of water stress was underestimated. In addition, the variations in minimum canopy resistance in the various growth stages of walnut orchards may also affect the accuracy of the CWSIt in terms of indicating the seasonal changes in the water status. Conclusions The CWSIs provides a non-destructive, quickly and effective method for monitoring the water status of walnuts. However, the results of this study suggest that the effects of aerodynamic resistance parameterization and variations in minimum canopy resistance in the various growth stages of walnut orchards in the CWSIt calculation should be noted. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-73f94593d55242e1aa65797f6b16dac5 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 1746-4811 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-04-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Plant Methods |
| spelling | doaj-art-73f94593d55242e1aa65797f6b16dac52025-08-20T03:07:41ZengBMCPlant Methods1746-48112025-04-0121111510.1186/s13007-025-01364-xDetermining water status of walnut orchards using the crop water stress index and canopy temperature measurementsLian Mao0Sen Lu1Linqi Liu2Zhipeng Li3Baoqing Wang4Dong Pei5Yongchao Bai6Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of ForestryResearch Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of ForestryJiangxi Academy of ForestryResearch Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of ForestryAkesu National Observation and Research Station of Chinese Forest EcosystemResearch Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of ForestryResearch Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of ForestryAbstract Background Accurately evaluating the water status of walnuts in different growth stages is fundamental to implementing deficit irrigation strategies and improving the yield of walnuts. The crop water stress index (CWSI) based on the canopy temperature is one of the most commonly used tools for current research on plant water monitoring. However, the suitability and effectiveness of using the CWSI as an indicator of the walnut water status under field conditions are still unclear. This paper focuses on walnut orchards in Northwest China using synchronous monitoring of the canopy temperature, meteorological parameters, and water physiological parameters of walnut trees under both full irrigation and deficit irrigation treatments. The aim is to test the effectiveness of the simplified crop water stress index (CWSIs) and the theoretical crop water stress index (CWSIt) in tracking the diurnal and daily variations of the water conditions in walnut orchards. Results The CWSIs can reflect the diurnal and daily changes in the water status of walnut orchards. It was found that the CWSIs at 12:00 local time had the best performance in tracking the daily changes in the water status. Compared to the daily averaged CWSI calculated using the measured transpiration (CWSITr_day), the correlation coefficient, index of agreement, and root mean squared error between the CWSIs and CWSITr_day were 0.82, 0.94, and 0.11, respectively. However, due to the calculation errors of the aerodynamic resistance in walnut trees, the CWSIt was unable to track the diurnal variations in the water status in walnut orchards and the degree of water stress was underestimated. In addition, the variations in minimum canopy resistance in the various growth stages of walnut orchards may also affect the accuracy of the CWSIt in terms of indicating the seasonal changes in the water status. Conclusions The CWSIs provides a non-destructive, quickly and effective method for monitoring the water status of walnuts. However, the results of this study suggest that the effects of aerodynamic resistance parameterization and variations in minimum canopy resistance in the various growth stages of walnut orchards in the CWSIt calculation should be noted.https://doi.org/10.1186/s13007-025-01364-xCanopy temperatureCrop water stress indicesWater stressWalnut orchards |
| spellingShingle | Lian Mao Sen Lu Linqi Liu Zhipeng Li Baoqing Wang Dong Pei Yongchao Bai Determining water status of walnut orchards using the crop water stress index and canopy temperature measurements Plant Methods Canopy temperature Crop water stress indices Water stress Walnut orchards |
| title | Determining water status of walnut orchards using the crop water stress index and canopy temperature measurements |
| title_full | Determining water status of walnut orchards using the crop water stress index and canopy temperature measurements |
| title_fullStr | Determining water status of walnut orchards using the crop water stress index and canopy temperature measurements |
| title_full_unstemmed | Determining water status of walnut orchards using the crop water stress index and canopy temperature measurements |
| title_short | Determining water status of walnut orchards using the crop water stress index and canopy temperature measurements |
| title_sort | determining water status of walnut orchards using the crop water stress index and canopy temperature measurements |
| topic | Canopy temperature Crop water stress indices Water stress Walnut orchards |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s13007-025-01364-x |
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