Displacement Estimation Performance of a Cost-Effective 2D-LiDAR-Based Retaining Wall Displacement Monitoring System
Monitoring the displacement of retaining walls is essential for maintaining their stability. Traditional displacement monitoring by inclinometer is costly and time-consuming, owing to the need for manual measurements. A recently developed 2D-LiDAR-based retaining wall displacement monitoring system...
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MDPI AG
2024-12-01
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| author | Jun-Sang Kim Young Suk Kim |
| author_facet | Jun-Sang Kim Young Suk Kim |
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| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Monitoring the displacement of retaining walls is essential for maintaining their stability. Traditional displacement monitoring by inclinometer is costly and time-consuming, owing to the need for manual measurements. A recently developed 2D-LiDAR-based retaining wall displacement monitoring system offers advantages over traditional methods, such as easy installation and dismantling, as well as the cost-effective monitoring of three-dimensional displacement compared to terrestrial laser scanners (TLSs). However, a previous study did not account for the actual deformation of the retaining wall, potentially compromising the reliability of the displacement estimation. This study aims to assess the displacement estimation performance of the system by using a retaining wall that simulates real-world deformations, considering key parameters related to the displacement estimation algorithm and the quality of point cloud data. Using the multiple model-to-model cloud comparison algorithm and a developed algorithm for filtering duplicate point cloud data, the system’s average performance across various deformation types yielded mean absolute error (MAE), <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi></mrow><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>D</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>m</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>x</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, and compound error values of 1.7, 2.2, and 2.0 mm, respectively. The results demonstrate that even a 2D-LiDAR, which has lower precision than a TLS, can effectively monitor retaining wall displacement through the post-processing of point cloud data. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-73ea19729689413cb80992c0322c70dc |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2072-4292 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-73ea19729689413cb80992c0322c70dc2025-08-20T02:01:21ZengMDPI AGRemote Sensing2072-42922024-12-011624464410.3390/rs16244644Displacement Estimation Performance of a Cost-Effective 2D-LiDAR-Based Retaining Wall Displacement Monitoring SystemJun-Sang Kim0Young Suk Kim1Industrial Science and Technology Research Institute, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Architectural Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of KoreaMonitoring the displacement of retaining walls is essential for maintaining their stability. Traditional displacement monitoring by inclinometer is costly and time-consuming, owing to the need for manual measurements. A recently developed 2D-LiDAR-based retaining wall displacement monitoring system offers advantages over traditional methods, such as easy installation and dismantling, as well as the cost-effective monitoring of three-dimensional displacement compared to terrestrial laser scanners (TLSs). However, a previous study did not account for the actual deformation of the retaining wall, potentially compromising the reliability of the displacement estimation. This study aims to assess the displacement estimation performance of the system by using a retaining wall that simulates real-world deformations, considering key parameters related to the displacement estimation algorithm and the quality of point cloud data. Using the multiple model-to-model cloud comparison algorithm and a developed algorithm for filtering duplicate point cloud data, the system’s average performance across various deformation types yielded mean absolute error (MAE), <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi></mrow><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>D</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>m</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>x</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, and compound error values of 1.7, 2.2, and 2.0 mm, respectively. The results demonstrate that even a 2D-LiDAR, which has lower precision than a TLS, can effectively monitor retaining wall displacement through the post-processing of point cloud data.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/24/4644retaining wallstructural health monitoringLiDARdisplacementperformance evaluation |
| spellingShingle | Jun-Sang Kim Young Suk Kim Displacement Estimation Performance of a Cost-Effective 2D-LiDAR-Based Retaining Wall Displacement Monitoring System Remote Sensing retaining wall structural health monitoring LiDAR displacement performance evaluation |
| title | Displacement Estimation Performance of a Cost-Effective 2D-LiDAR-Based Retaining Wall Displacement Monitoring System |
| title_full | Displacement Estimation Performance of a Cost-Effective 2D-LiDAR-Based Retaining Wall Displacement Monitoring System |
| title_fullStr | Displacement Estimation Performance of a Cost-Effective 2D-LiDAR-Based Retaining Wall Displacement Monitoring System |
| title_full_unstemmed | Displacement Estimation Performance of a Cost-Effective 2D-LiDAR-Based Retaining Wall Displacement Monitoring System |
| title_short | Displacement Estimation Performance of a Cost-Effective 2D-LiDAR-Based Retaining Wall Displacement Monitoring System |
| title_sort | displacement estimation performance of a cost effective 2d lidar based retaining wall displacement monitoring system |
| topic | retaining wall structural health monitoring LiDAR displacement performance evaluation |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/24/4644 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT junsangkim displacementestimationperformanceofacosteffective2dlidarbasedretainingwalldisplacementmonitoringsystem AT youngsukkim displacementestimationperformanceofacosteffective2dlidarbasedretainingwalldisplacementmonitoringsystem |