Association between the GMI/HbA1c ratio and preclinical carotid atherosclerosis in type 1 diabetes: impact of the fast-glycator phenotype across age groups
Abstract Background Since the arrival of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), the relationship between the glucose management indicator (GMI) and HbA1c has been a topic of considerable interest in diabetes research. This study aims to explore the association between the GMI/HbA1c ratio and the prese...
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
BMC
2025-02-01
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| Series: | Cardiovascular Diabetology |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-025-02637-4 |
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| Summary: | Abstract Background Since the arrival of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), the relationship between the glucose management indicator (GMI) and HbA1c has been a topic of considerable interest in diabetes research. This study aims to explore the association between the GMI/HbA1c ratio and the presence of preclinical carotid atherosclerosis in type 1 diabetes (T1D). Methods Individuals with T1D and no prior history of cardiovascular disease were recruited from two centers. Carotid ultrasonography was performed using a standardized protocol and carotid plaques were defined as intima-media thickness ≥ 1.5 mm. CGM-derived data were collected from a 14-day report. A GMI/HbA1c ratio < 0.90 was selected to identify “fast-glycator” phenotype. Results A total of 584 participants were included (319 women, 54.6%), with a mean age of 48.8 ± 10.7 years and a mean diabetes duration of 27.5 ± 11.4 years. Carotid plaques were present in 231 subjects (39.6%). Approximately 43.7% and 13.4% of participants showed absolute differences of ≥ 0.5 and ≥ 1.0 between 14-day GMI and HbA1c, respectively. Among patients ≥ 48 years, the fast-glycator phenotype was independently associated with presence of plaques (OR 2.27, 95%CI: 1.06–4.87), even after adjusting for non-specific and T1D-specific risk factors and statin treatment. No significant association was observed in younger subjects (p for interaction < 0.05). Conclusions Fast-glycator phenotype is independently associated with atherosclerosis in T1D individuals aged ≥ 48 years, suggesting an age-related increase in the glycation risk. These findings highlight the potential of the GMI/HbA1c ratio for cardiovascular risk stratification in this population. Graphical abstract |
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| ISSN: | 1475-2840 |