Adaptation Characteristics in the Range of Motion of the Shoulder Among Young Male Volleyball Players
<b>Background/Objectives</b>: Repeated spiking and serving movements in volleyball can lead to alterations in shoulder range of motion among athletes, potentially increasing the risk of shoulder instability and injury. Hence, assessing and understanding the shoulder range of motion of vo...
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MDPI AG
2025-02-01
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| Series: | Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology |
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| author | Kun-Yu Chou Wan-Ling Wu Chun-Wen Chiu Shih-Chung Cheng Hsiao-Yun Chang |
| author_facet | Kun-Yu Chou Wan-Ling Wu Chun-Wen Chiu Shih-Chung Cheng Hsiao-Yun Chang |
| author_sort | Kun-Yu Chou |
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| description | <b>Background/Objectives</b>: Repeated spiking and serving movements in volleyball can lead to alterations in shoulder range of motion among athletes, potentially increasing the risk of shoulder instability and injury. Hence, assessing and understanding the shoulder range of motion of volleyball players is a critical concern. Therefore, this study aimed to understand and evaluate the bilateral shoulder joint range of motion (ROM) in high-school male volleyball athletes and to discover the adaptation characteristics. <b>Methods</b>: Forty high-school male volleyball athletes participated in this study. Shoulder ROM measurements were taken via video with an iPhone 12 Pro Max, and we analyzed the ROM data using Kinovea software (Version 0.9.5) for both the dominant and non-dominant side. The shoulder ROM measurements included shoulder hyper-extension (SE), flexion (SF), internal rotation (IR), external rotation (ER), horizontal adduction (Sadd), and horizontal abduction (Sabd). After taking shoulder ROM measurements, the total rotational range of motion (TROM) was calculated based on the participants’ shoulder internal rotation and external rotation data, and we calculated the incidence of glenohumeral internal rotation deficiency (GIRD) among participants. Paired samples t-tests were used to analyze shoulder ROM differences between the dominant and non-dominant side. <b>Results</b>: The dominant side of the shoulder showed significantly lower internal rotation (dominant side: 42.17 ± 11.23°; non-dominant side: 52.14 ± 10.46°; <i>p</i> = 0.000) and total rotational ROM (dominant side: 137.11 ± 13.09°; non-dominant side: 141.96 ± 13.22°; <i>p</i> = 0.021) compared to the non-dominant side. Conversely, the dominant side of the shoulder exhibited significantly greater external rotation (dominant side: 94.96 ± 10.02°; non-dominant side: 89.83 ± 7.84°; <i>p</i> = 0.001) and shoulder horizontal adduction (dominant side: 44.87 ± 8.10°; non-dominant side: 39.60 ± 7.24°; <i>p</i> = 0.000) than the non-dominant side. No significant differences were found in other measured parameters. The incidence of glenohumeral internal rotation deficiency (GIRD) among all subjects was 37.5%. <b>Conclusions</b>: High-school male volleyball athletes in this study exhibited tightness in the posterior shoulder of their dominant side, indicating specific adaptations in shoulder ROM and a considerable prevalence of GIRD, observed in approximately one-quarter of the athletes. In conclusion, these data suggest that stretching and eccentric muscle training focusing on the posterior shoulder have potential value in mitigating these adaptations and reducing the risk of shoulder injuries. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-738c91d1514748788eb3c19c4577d629 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2411-5142 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-02-01 |
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| series | Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology |
| spelling | doaj-art-738c91d1514748788eb3c19c4577d6292025-08-20T01:48:52ZengMDPI AGJournal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology2411-51422025-02-011016710.3390/jfmk10010067Adaptation Characteristics in the Range of Motion of the Shoulder Among Young Male Volleyball PlayersKun-Yu Chou0Wan-Ling Wu1Chun-Wen Chiu2Shih-Chung Cheng3Hsiao-Yun Chang4Graduate Institute of Athletics and Coaching Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan 333325, TaiwanDepartment of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 106308, TaiwanGraduate Institute of Athletics and Coaching Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan 333325, TaiwanGraduate Institute of Athletics and Coaching Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan 333325, TaiwanDepartment of Athletic Training and Health, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan 333325, Taiwan<b>Background/Objectives</b>: Repeated spiking and serving movements in volleyball can lead to alterations in shoulder range of motion among athletes, potentially increasing the risk of shoulder instability and injury. Hence, assessing and understanding the shoulder range of motion of volleyball players is a critical concern. Therefore, this study aimed to understand and evaluate the bilateral shoulder joint range of motion (ROM) in high-school male volleyball athletes and to discover the adaptation characteristics. <b>Methods</b>: Forty high-school male volleyball athletes participated in this study. Shoulder ROM measurements were taken via video with an iPhone 12 Pro Max, and we analyzed the ROM data using Kinovea software (Version 0.9.5) for both the dominant and non-dominant side. The shoulder ROM measurements included shoulder hyper-extension (SE), flexion (SF), internal rotation (IR), external rotation (ER), horizontal adduction (Sadd), and horizontal abduction (Sabd). After taking shoulder ROM measurements, the total rotational range of motion (TROM) was calculated based on the participants’ shoulder internal rotation and external rotation data, and we calculated the incidence of glenohumeral internal rotation deficiency (GIRD) among participants. Paired samples t-tests were used to analyze shoulder ROM differences between the dominant and non-dominant side. <b>Results</b>: The dominant side of the shoulder showed significantly lower internal rotation (dominant side: 42.17 ± 11.23°; non-dominant side: 52.14 ± 10.46°; <i>p</i> = 0.000) and total rotational ROM (dominant side: 137.11 ± 13.09°; non-dominant side: 141.96 ± 13.22°; <i>p</i> = 0.021) compared to the non-dominant side. Conversely, the dominant side of the shoulder exhibited significantly greater external rotation (dominant side: 94.96 ± 10.02°; non-dominant side: 89.83 ± 7.84°; <i>p</i> = 0.001) and shoulder horizontal adduction (dominant side: 44.87 ± 8.10°; non-dominant side: 39.60 ± 7.24°; <i>p</i> = 0.000) than the non-dominant side. No significant differences were found in other measured parameters. The incidence of glenohumeral internal rotation deficiency (GIRD) among all subjects was 37.5%. <b>Conclusions</b>: High-school male volleyball athletes in this study exhibited tightness in the posterior shoulder of their dominant side, indicating specific adaptations in shoulder ROM and a considerable prevalence of GIRD, observed in approximately one-quarter of the athletes. In conclusion, these data suggest that stretching and eccentric muscle training focusing on the posterior shoulder have potential value in mitigating these adaptations and reducing the risk of shoulder injuries.https://www.mdpi.com/2411-5142/10/1/67overhead sportsflexibilityshoulder injuryglenohumeral internal rotation deficit |
| spellingShingle | Kun-Yu Chou Wan-Ling Wu Chun-Wen Chiu Shih-Chung Cheng Hsiao-Yun Chang Adaptation Characteristics in the Range of Motion of the Shoulder Among Young Male Volleyball Players Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology overhead sports flexibility shoulder injury glenohumeral internal rotation deficit |
| title | Adaptation Characteristics in the Range of Motion of the Shoulder Among Young Male Volleyball Players |
| title_full | Adaptation Characteristics in the Range of Motion of the Shoulder Among Young Male Volleyball Players |
| title_fullStr | Adaptation Characteristics in the Range of Motion of the Shoulder Among Young Male Volleyball Players |
| title_full_unstemmed | Adaptation Characteristics in the Range of Motion of the Shoulder Among Young Male Volleyball Players |
| title_short | Adaptation Characteristics in the Range of Motion of the Shoulder Among Young Male Volleyball Players |
| title_sort | adaptation characteristics in the range of motion of the shoulder among young male volleyball players |
| topic | overhead sports flexibility shoulder injury glenohumeral internal rotation deficit |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2411-5142/10/1/67 |
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