The Presence of Some Minor <i>Aspergillus</i> and <i>Penicillium</i> Unregulated Mycotoxins in Main Cereals Cultivated in Albania
(1) Background: Food and feed safety legislation does not concern all the mycotoxins generated by <i>Penicillium</i> and <i>Aspergillus</i> spp. Certain mycotoxins, including mycophenolic acid (MPA), cyclopiazonic acid (CPA), penicillic acid (PA), roquefortine C (ROQ C), and...
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2024-11-01
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| author | Dritan Topi Zamir Damani Janja Babič Breda Jakovac-Strajn Gabrijela Tavčar-Kalcher |
| author_facet | Dritan Topi Zamir Damani Janja Babič Breda Jakovac-Strajn Gabrijela Tavčar-Kalcher |
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| description | (1) Background: Food and feed safety legislation does not concern all the mycotoxins generated by <i>Penicillium</i> and <i>Aspergillus</i> spp. Certain mycotoxins, including mycophenolic acid (MPA), cyclopiazonic acid (CPA), penicillic acid (PA), roquefortine C (ROQ C), and gliotoxin (GLI), are regarded as having lower toxicity levels, and hence are not included in food and feed legislation. It is obvious that xenobiotics, including mycotoxins, exert synergistic harmful health effects on human and animal when exposed through food and feed. (2) Methods: The presence of these substances in maize and wheat grown in Albania across two consecutive harvesting seasons was investigated by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). (3) Results: The findings indicated the presence of these mycotoxins in maize grain but not in wheat grain. In the 2014 season, they exhibited a higher contamination incidence than in the 2015 season. The most commonly detected mycotoxin was MPA, followed by CPA and ROQ C toxin, while PA and GLI were not detected. The MPA revealed a concentration range of 72.9–3447 μg/kg, with a mean value of 1064 μg/kg. Mycophenolic acid was detected in the maize samples collected during the 2015 season. (4) Conclusions: These findings suggest that focusing the investigation only on “controlled” mycotoxins will not produce a proper risk assessment and may not adequately address the possible harmful impacts of mycotoxins on human and animal health due to mycotoxins’ co-occurrence. |
| format | Article |
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| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-11-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-730f9c8bbff6497b95eede1060a905e92025-08-20T02:04:59ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492024-11-012922529210.3390/molecules29225292The Presence of Some Minor <i>Aspergillus</i> and <i>Penicillium</i> Unregulated Mycotoxins in Main Cereals Cultivated in AlbaniaDritan Topi0Zamir Damani1Janja Babič2Breda Jakovac-Strajn3Gabrijela Tavčar-Kalcher4Institute of Food Safety, Feed and Environment, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, SloveniaDepartment of Diagnostics and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medical Technical Sciences, University of Medicine of Tirana, Kongresi i Manastirit Street, P.O. BOX 1000 Tirana, AlbaniaInstitute of Food Safety, Feed and Environment, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, SloveniaInstitute of Food Safety, Feed and Environment, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, SloveniaInstitute of Food Safety, Feed and Environment, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia(1) Background: Food and feed safety legislation does not concern all the mycotoxins generated by <i>Penicillium</i> and <i>Aspergillus</i> spp. Certain mycotoxins, including mycophenolic acid (MPA), cyclopiazonic acid (CPA), penicillic acid (PA), roquefortine C (ROQ C), and gliotoxin (GLI), are regarded as having lower toxicity levels, and hence are not included in food and feed legislation. It is obvious that xenobiotics, including mycotoxins, exert synergistic harmful health effects on human and animal when exposed through food and feed. (2) Methods: The presence of these substances in maize and wheat grown in Albania across two consecutive harvesting seasons was investigated by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). (3) Results: The findings indicated the presence of these mycotoxins in maize grain but not in wheat grain. In the 2014 season, they exhibited a higher contamination incidence than in the 2015 season. The most commonly detected mycotoxin was MPA, followed by CPA and ROQ C toxin, while PA and GLI were not detected. The MPA revealed a concentration range of 72.9–3447 μg/kg, with a mean value of 1064 μg/kg. Mycophenolic acid was detected in the maize samples collected during the 2015 season. (4) Conclusions: These findings suggest that focusing the investigation only on “controlled” mycotoxins will not produce a proper risk assessment and may not adequately address the possible harmful impacts of mycotoxins on human and animal health due to mycotoxins’ co-occurrence.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/29/22/5292mycophenolic acidcyclopiazonic acidroquefortine Cpenicillic acidgliotoxinmaize |
| spellingShingle | Dritan Topi Zamir Damani Janja Babič Breda Jakovac-Strajn Gabrijela Tavčar-Kalcher The Presence of Some Minor <i>Aspergillus</i> and <i>Penicillium</i> Unregulated Mycotoxins in Main Cereals Cultivated in Albania Molecules mycophenolic acid cyclopiazonic acid roquefortine C penicillic acid gliotoxin maize |
| title | The Presence of Some Minor <i>Aspergillus</i> and <i>Penicillium</i> Unregulated Mycotoxins in Main Cereals Cultivated in Albania |
| title_full | The Presence of Some Minor <i>Aspergillus</i> and <i>Penicillium</i> Unregulated Mycotoxins in Main Cereals Cultivated in Albania |
| title_fullStr | The Presence of Some Minor <i>Aspergillus</i> and <i>Penicillium</i> Unregulated Mycotoxins in Main Cereals Cultivated in Albania |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Presence of Some Minor <i>Aspergillus</i> and <i>Penicillium</i> Unregulated Mycotoxins in Main Cereals Cultivated in Albania |
| title_short | The Presence of Some Minor <i>Aspergillus</i> and <i>Penicillium</i> Unregulated Mycotoxins in Main Cereals Cultivated in Albania |
| title_sort | presence of some minor i aspergillus i and i penicillium i unregulated mycotoxins in main cereals cultivated in albania |
| topic | mycophenolic acid cyclopiazonic acid roquefortine C penicillic acid gliotoxin maize |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/29/22/5292 |
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