Enhancing the Solubility of Isoconazole Nitrate Using Methyl-β-Cyclodextrin: Formulation and Characterization of Inclusion Complexes
Isoconazole nitrate (ISN) is a broad-spectrum antifungal agent whose therapeutic potential is limited by poor aqueous solubility and low bioavailability. This study aimed to enhance the solubility and physicochemical properties of ISN through the formation of inclusion complexes with methyl-β-cyclod...
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MDPI AG
2025-04-01
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| author | Tarek Alloush Gülsel Yurtdaş Kırımlıoğlu |
| author_facet | Tarek Alloush Gülsel Yurtdaş Kırımlıoğlu |
| author_sort | Tarek Alloush |
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| description | Isoconazole nitrate (ISN) is a broad-spectrum antifungal agent whose therapeutic potential is limited by poor aqueous solubility and low bioavailability. This study aimed to enhance the solubility and physicochemical properties of ISN through the formation of inclusion complexes with methyl-β-cyclodextrin (M-β-CD) using freeze-drying (FD) and spray-drying (SD) methods. The prepared inclusion complexes were comprehensively characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), phase solubility analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (<sup>1</sup>H-NMR). Phase solubility studies revealed an AL-type solubility diagram with a 1:1 molar ratio and an apparent stability constant (<i>K<sub>S</sub></i>) of 2711 M<sup>−1</sup>. Structural and thermal analyses confirmed successful inclusion complex formation and reduced crystallinity. The solubility assessment showed that ISN/M-β-CD complexes prepared by SD exhibited an approximately seven-fold higher aqueous solubility than ISN and performed better than those prepared by FD. Moreover, SD complexes demonstrated a higher drug content. These findings highlight the potential of M-β-CD-based inclusion complexation, particularly via spray-drying, as an effective strategy to enhance the solubility and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs, such as ISN. |
| format | Article |
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| institution | OA Journals |
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| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj-art-72f2cf13d0474d7fbb4186c4446ce9c92025-08-20T02:18:10ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492025-04-01308165410.3390/molecules30081654Enhancing the Solubility of Isoconazole Nitrate Using Methyl-β-Cyclodextrin: Formulation and Characterization of Inclusion ComplexesTarek Alloush0Gülsel Yurtdaş Kırımlıoğlu1Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Health Sciences, Istanbul University, Istanbul 34126, TürkiyeDepartment of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir 26470, TürkiyeIsoconazole nitrate (ISN) is a broad-spectrum antifungal agent whose therapeutic potential is limited by poor aqueous solubility and low bioavailability. This study aimed to enhance the solubility and physicochemical properties of ISN through the formation of inclusion complexes with methyl-β-cyclodextrin (M-β-CD) using freeze-drying (FD) and spray-drying (SD) methods. The prepared inclusion complexes were comprehensively characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), phase solubility analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (<sup>1</sup>H-NMR). Phase solubility studies revealed an AL-type solubility diagram with a 1:1 molar ratio and an apparent stability constant (<i>K<sub>S</sub></i>) of 2711 M<sup>−1</sup>. Structural and thermal analyses confirmed successful inclusion complex formation and reduced crystallinity. The solubility assessment showed that ISN/M-β-CD complexes prepared by SD exhibited an approximately seven-fold higher aqueous solubility than ISN and performed better than those prepared by FD. Moreover, SD complexes demonstrated a higher drug content. These findings highlight the potential of M-β-CD-based inclusion complexation, particularly via spray-drying, as an effective strategy to enhance the solubility and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs, such as ISN.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/8/1654isoconazole nitratemethyl-β-cyclodextrinspray-dryingfreeze-dryinginclusion complexphase solubility |
| spellingShingle | Tarek Alloush Gülsel Yurtdaş Kırımlıoğlu Enhancing the Solubility of Isoconazole Nitrate Using Methyl-β-Cyclodextrin: Formulation and Characterization of Inclusion Complexes Molecules isoconazole nitrate methyl-β-cyclodextrin spray-drying freeze-drying inclusion complex phase solubility |
| title | Enhancing the Solubility of Isoconazole Nitrate Using Methyl-β-Cyclodextrin: Formulation and Characterization of Inclusion Complexes |
| title_full | Enhancing the Solubility of Isoconazole Nitrate Using Methyl-β-Cyclodextrin: Formulation and Characterization of Inclusion Complexes |
| title_fullStr | Enhancing the Solubility of Isoconazole Nitrate Using Methyl-β-Cyclodextrin: Formulation and Characterization of Inclusion Complexes |
| title_full_unstemmed | Enhancing the Solubility of Isoconazole Nitrate Using Methyl-β-Cyclodextrin: Formulation and Characterization of Inclusion Complexes |
| title_short | Enhancing the Solubility of Isoconazole Nitrate Using Methyl-β-Cyclodextrin: Formulation and Characterization of Inclusion Complexes |
| title_sort | enhancing the solubility of isoconazole nitrate using methyl β cyclodextrin formulation and characterization of inclusion complexes |
| topic | isoconazole nitrate methyl-β-cyclodextrin spray-drying freeze-drying inclusion complex phase solubility |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/8/1654 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT tarekalloush enhancingthesolubilityofisoconazolenitrateusingmethylbcyclodextrinformulationandcharacterizationofinclusioncomplexes AT gulselyurtdaskırımlıoglu enhancingthesolubilityofisoconazolenitrateusingmethylbcyclodextrinformulationandcharacterizationofinclusioncomplexes |