Spatiotemporal Diffusion Patterns Associated with COVID-19 in the Tel Aviv-Jaffa and Haifa (Israel) Metropolitan Regions

Social and cultural diffusion determines how behavioral phenomena spread among communities. The COVID-19 pandemic, which emerged globally at the beginning of 2020, triggered changes in human behavior in various settlements and regions. In this study, we use a spatial approach to examine diffusion pa...

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Main Authors: Adi Ofir, Motti Zohar
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-03-01
Series:Geographies
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7086/5/1/14
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author Adi Ofir
Motti Zohar
author_facet Adi Ofir
Motti Zohar
author_sort Adi Ofir
collection DOAJ
description Social and cultural diffusion determines how behavioral phenomena spread among communities. The COVID-19 pandemic, which emerged globally at the beginning of 2020, triggered changes in human behavior in various settlements and regions. In this study, we use a spatial approach to examine diffusion patterns during the Omicron wave (December 2021–February 2022). We collected data on daily testing and confirmed cases from the Israeli Ministry of Health (MoH) database, as well as population characteristics from the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS). These data were normalized per population, classified regionally and analyzed spatially using GIS, to verify the significance of the results. We found a contagious diffusion pattern apparent spatially in the metropolitan regions of Tel Aviv-Jaffa and Haifa (Israel). Accordingly, the undulating pattern of the number of COVID-19 tests and confirmed cases began in the center of the given metropolitan region (populated with high-class settlements) at the beginning of the wave, spread out to the periphery (populated with high-class settlements) toward the mid-wave period, and returned to the center when the wave ended. Additionally, we have seen that these patterns do not accord with the morbidity spread, implying that social characteristics may have been dominant in determining the diffusion pattern.
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spelling doaj-art-72bee41dbfe04982a0c016caf3b7fa4e2025-08-20T03:43:39ZengMDPI AGGeographies2673-70862025-03-01511410.3390/geographies5010014Spatiotemporal Diffusion Patterns Associated with COVID-19 in the Tel Aviv-Jaffa and Haifa (Israel) Metropolitan RegionsAdi Ofir0Motti Zohar1School of Environmental Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa 3103301, IsraelSchool of Environmental Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa 3103301, IsraelSocial and cultural diffusion determines how behavioral phenomena spread among communities. The COVID-19 pandemic, which emerged globally at the beginning of 2020, triggered changes in human behavior in various settlements and regions. In this study, we use a spatial approach to examine diffusion patterns during the Omicron wave (December 2021–February 2022). We collected data on daily testing and confirmed cases from the Israeli Ministry of Health (MoH) database, as well as population characteristics from the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS). These data were normalized per population, classified regionally and analyzed spatially using GIS, to verify the significance of the results. We found a contagious diffusion pattern apparent spatially in the metropolitan regions of Tel Aviv-Jaffa and Haifa (Israel). Accordingly, the undulating pattern of the number of COVID-19 tests and confirmed cases began in the center of the given metropolitan region (populated with high-class settlements) at the beginning of the wave, spread out to the periphery (populated with high-class settlements) toward the mid-wave period, and returned to the center when the wave ended. Additionally, we have seen that these patterns do not accord with the morbidity spread, implying that social characteristics may have been dominant in determining the diffusion pattern.https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7086/5/1/14COVID-19spatial analysisspatiotemporal patternshuman behaviorcontagious diffusion
spellingShingle Adi Ofir
Motti Zohar
Spatiotemporal Diffusion Patterns Associated with COVID-19 in the Tel Aviv-Jaffa and Haifa (Israel) Metropolitan Regions
Geographies
COVID-19
spatial analysis
spatiotemporal patterns
human behavior
contagious diffusion
title Spatiotemporal Diffusion Patterns Associated with COVID-19 in the Tel Aviv-Jaffa and Haifa (Israel) Metropolitan Regions
title_full Spatiotemporal Diffusion Patterns Associated with COVID-19 in the Tel Aviv-Jaffa and Haifa (Israel) Metropolitan Regions
title_fullStr Spatiotemporal Diffusion Patterns Associated with COVID-19 in the Tel Aviv-Jaffa and Haifa (Israel) Metropolitan Regions
title_full_unstemmed Spatiotemporal Diffusion Patterns Associated with COVID-19 in the Tel Aviv-Jaffa and Haifa (Israel) Metropolitan Regions
title_short Spatiotemporal Diffusion Patterns Associated with COVID-19 in the Tel Aviv-Jaffa and Haifa (Israel) Metropolitan Regions
title_sort spatiotemporal diffusion patterns associated with covid 19 in the tel aviv jaffa and haifa israel metropolitan regions
topic COVID-19
spatial analysis
spatiotemporal patterns
human behavior
contagious diffusion
url https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7086/5/1/14
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AT mottizohar spatiotemporaldiffusionpatternsassociatedwithcovid19inthetelavivjaffaandhaifaisraelmetropolitanregions