Efficient Tetracycline Hydrochloride Degradation by Urchin-Like Structured MoS<sub>2</sub>@CoFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> Derived from Steel Pickling Sludge via Peroxymonosulfate Activation

Steel pickling sludge serves as a valuable iron source for synthesizing Fe-based catalysts in heterogeneous advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). Here, MoS<sub>2</sub>@CoFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> catalyst derived from steel pickling sludge was prepared via a faci...

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Main Authors: Jin Qi, Kai Zhu, Ming Li, Yucan Liu, Pingzhou Duan, Lihua Huang
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-07-01
Series:Molecules
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/15/3194
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author Jin Qi
Kai Zhu
Ming Li
Yucan Liu
Pingzhou Duan
Lihua Huang
author_facet Jin Qi
Kai Zhu
Ming Li
Yucan Liu
Pingzhou Duan
Lihua Huang
author_sort Jin Qi
collection DOAJ
description Steel pickling sludge serves as a valuable iron source for synthesizing Fe-based catalysts in heterogeneous advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). Here, MoS<sub>2</sub>@CoFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> catalyst derived from steel pickling sludge was prepared via a facile solvothermal approach and utilized to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) degradation. Comprehensive characterization using scanning electron microscopy (SEM)-energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the supported microstructure, composition, and crystalline structure of the catalyst. Key operational parameters—including catalyst dosage, PMS concentration, and initial solution pH—were systematically optimized, achieving 81% degradation efficiency within 30 min. Quenching experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis revealed SO<sub>4</sub><sup>∙−</sup> as the primary oxidative species, while the catalyst maintained high stability and reusability across cycles. TCH degradation primarily occurs through hydroxylation, decarbonylation, ring-opening, and oxidation reactions. This study presents a cost-effective strategy for transforming steel pickling sludge into a high-performance Fe-based catalyst, demonstrating its potential for practical AOP applications.
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spelling doaj-art-728d9c0e3e0a4c75a74a67a8802b4e392025-08-20T03:02:58ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492025-07-013015319410.3390/molecules30153194Efficient Tetracycline Hydrochloride Degradation by Urchin-Like Structured MoS<sub>2</sub>@CoFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> Derived from Steel Pickling Sludge via Peroxymonosulfate ActivationJin Qi0Kai Zhu1Ming Li2Yucan Liu3Pingzhou Duan4Lihua Huang5College of Resources and Environment, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, ChinaCollege of Resources and Environment, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, ChinaCollege of Resources and Environment, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, ChinaSchool of Civil Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, ChinaCollege of Resources and Environment, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, ChinaSteel pickling sludge serves as a valuable iron source for synthesizing Fe-based catalysts in heterogeneous advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). Here, MoS<sub>2</sub>@CoFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> catalyst derived from steel pickling sludge was prepared via a facile solvothermal approach and utilized to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) degradation. Comprehensive characterization using scanning electron microscopy (SEM)-energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the supported microstructure, composition, and crystalline structure of the catalyst. Key operational parameters—including catalyst dosage, PMS concentration, and initial solution pH—were systematically optimized, achieving 81% degradation efficiency within 30 min. Quenching experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis revealed SO<sub>4</sub><sup>∙−</sup> as the primary oxidative species, while the catalyst maintained high stability and reusability across cycles. TCH degradation primarily occurs through hydroxylation, decarbonylation, ring-opening, and oxidation reactions. This study presents a cost-effective strategy for transforming steel pickling sludge into a high-performance Fe-based catalyst, demonstrating its potential for practical AOP applications.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/15/3194pickling sludgeMoS<sub>2</sub>@CoFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> catalystperoxymonosulfatedegradationtetracycline hydrochloride
spellingShingle Jin Qi
Kai Zhu
Ming Li
Yucan Liu
Pingzhou Duan
Lihua Huang
Efficient Tetracycline Hydrochloride Degradation by Urchin-Like Structured MoS<sub>2</sub>@CoFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> Derived from Steel Pickling Sludge via Peroxymonosulfate Activation
Molecules
pickling sludge
MoS<sub>2</sub>@CoFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> catalyst
peroxymonosulfate
degradation
tetracycline hydrochloride
title Efficient Tetracycline Hydrochloride Degradation by Urchin-Like Structured MoS<sub>2</sub>@CoFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> Derived from Steel Pickling Sludge via Peroxymonosulfate Activation
title_full Efficient Tetracycline Hydrochloride Degradation by Urchin-Like Structured MoS<sub>2</sub>@CoFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> Derived from Steel Pickling Sludge via Peroxymonosulfate Activation
title_fullStr Efficient Tetracycline Hydrochloride Degradation by Urchin-Like Structured MoS<sub>2</sub>@CoFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> Derived from Steel Pickling Sludge via Peroxymonosulfate Activation
title_full_unstemmed Efficient Tetracycline Hydrochloride Degradation by Urchin-Like Structured MoS<sub>2</sub>@CoFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> Derived from Steel Pickling Sludge via Peroxymonosulfate Activation
title_short Efficient Tetracycline Hydrochloride Degradation by Urchin-Like Structured MoS<sub>2</sub>@CoFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> Derived from Steel Pickling Sludge via Peroxymonosulfate Activation
title_sort efficient tetracycline hydrochloride degradation by urchin like structured mos sub 2 sub cofe sub 2 sub o sub 4 sub derived from steel pickling sludge via peroxymonosulfate activation
topic pickling sludge
MoS<sub>2</sub>@CoFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> catalyst
peroxymonosulfate
degradation
tetracycline hydrochloride
url https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/15/3194
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