Reducing energy and environmental footprint in agriculture: A study on drone spraying vs. conventional methods.

Agricultural practices significantly contribute to resource depletion and greenhouse gas emissions, underscoring the urgent need for environmental sustainability in this sector. This research assesses the energy efficiency and environmental impacts of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) technology compare...

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Main Authors: Mojtaba Safaeinejad, Mahmoud Ghasemi-Nejad-Raeini, Morteza Taki
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2025-01-01
Series:PLoS ONE
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0323779
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author Mojtaba Safaeinejad
Mahmoud Ghasemi-Nejad-Raeini
Morteza Taki
author_facet Mojtaba Safaeinejad
Mahmoud Ghasemi-Nejad-Raeini
Morteza Taki
author_sort Mojtaba Safaeinejad
collection DOAJ
description Agricultural practices significantly contribute to resource depletion and greenhouse gas emissions, underscoring the urgent need for environmental sustainability in this sector. This research assesses the energy efficiency and environmental impacts of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) technology compared to traditional spraying methods for wheat farms in Lorestan province, Iran. Experiments were conducted randomly with three repetitions, and data were analyzed using Simapro Impact 2002 + software, evaluating four primary categories and 15 midpoint indicators. The findings reveal that conventional spraying consumes 2.43 times more energy than drone spraying, with values of 365.26 MJ/ha and 146.84 MJ/ha, respectively. Additionally, the Global Warming Potential (GWP) for pesticide application is 41.284 kg CO2ha-1 for conventional methods and 14.485 kg CO2ha-1 for drones. Diesel emissions from tractors in traditional spraying represent the most significant environmental burden, while battery production and charging for drones contribute the largest share among various impacts. These results highlight the potential of UAV technology to enhance energy efficiency and reduce environmental harm, promoting sustainable agricultural practices. Nonetheless, battery limitations and the need for training remain challenges, and further studies are required to assess long-term impacts and scalability.
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spelling doaj-art-726e7eab38cb432ba8d0ab9a4ebe3cc92025-08-20T03:46:25ZengPublic Library of Science (PLoS)PLoS ONE1932-62032025-01-01206e032377910.1371/journal.pone.0323779Reducing energy and environmental footprint in agriculture: A study on drone spraying vs. conventional methods.Mojtaba SafaeinejadMahmoud Ghasemi-Nejad-RaeiniMorteza TakiAgricultural practices significantly contribute to resource depletion and greenhouse gas emissions, underscoring the urgent need for environmental sustainability in this sector. This research assesses the energy efficiency and environmental impacts of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) technology compared to traditional spraying methods for wheat farms in Lorestan province, Iran. Experiments were conducted randomly with three repetitions, and data were analyzed using Simapro Impact 2002 + software, evaluating four primary categories and 15 midpoint indicators. The findings reveal that conventional spraying consumes 2.43 times more energy than drone spraying, with values of 365.26 MJ/ha and 146.84 MJ/ha, respectively. Additionally, the Global Warming Potential (GWP) for pesticide application is 41.284 kg CO2ha-1 for conventional methods and 14.485 kg CO2ha-1 for drones. Diesel emissions from tractors in traditional spraying represent the most significant environmental burden, while battery production and charging for drones contribute the largest share among various impacts. These results highlight the potential of UAV technology to enhance energy efficiency and reduce environmental harm, promoting sustainable agricultural practices. Nonetheless, battery limitations and the need for training remain challenges, and further studies are required to assess long-term impacts and scalability.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0323779
spellingShingle Mojtaba Safaeinejad
Mahmoud Ghasemi-Nejad-Raeini
Morteza Taki
Reducing energy and environmental footprint in agriculture: A study on drone spraying vs. conventional methods.
PLoS ONE
title Reducing energy and environmental footprint in agriculture: A study on drone spraying vs. conventional methods.
title_full Reducing energy and environmental footprint in agriculture: A study on drone spraying vs. conventional methods.
title_fullStr Reducing energy and environmental footprint in agriculture: A study on drone spraying vs. conventional methods.
title_full_unstemmed Reducing energy and environmental footprint in agriculture: A study on drone spraying vs. conventional methods.
title_short Reducing energy and environmental footprint in agriculture: A study on drone spraying vs. conventional methods.
title_sort reducing energy and environmental footprint in agriculture a study on drone spraying vs conventional methods
url https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0323779
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AT mortezataki reducingenergyandenvironmentalfootprintinagricultureastudyondronesprayingvsconventionalmethods